Historical Events Since 1945 Essay

The formation of the United Nations (1945) Kegley (2007) mentions that the failure of the League of Nations, brought about the creation of the United Nations in 1945. Following the planning of the American, British and Soviet allies for a new international organization to maintain peace and security, the United Nations came into existence on 24 October 1945. Today, the United Nations has many departments that deal with vast global issues mainly humanitarian, economic and social. The creation of the United Nations has also brought the birth of other organizations such as the European Union in 1993 and the World Trade organization in 1995. Internationally, the living standards of many have positively changed since the founding of the United Nations The creation of the declaration of Human Rights (1948) According to Hass (2008), the second charter of the United Nations after peace promotions is human rights. ( Vandersluis and Yerous in Kegley 2007, p. 220) state that â€Å" the universalist claim, that all human beings have the same moral status; to accept universal human rights the moral demand to respect the life, integrity, well-being and flourishing of all human beings†. This was the general idea when the declaration of human rights was created. Violence, racial and gender discrimination, child abuse, religion and immigration laws are now governed by these laws. This has encouraged peace and development across the globe. The introduction of oral contraception (1958) Oral contraception is a means of preventing unwanted pregnancies through the ingesting of the pill. The pill was first introduced in the United States as an alternative to minimize infant mortality and enforce women rights with issues concerning child birth. Prior to the use of the oral pill, women used to go to extreme measure to exercise birth control. Women used to nurse their children for two to three years. This would suppress ovulation protecting them from pregnancy. Another natural method is coitus reservatus or withholding ejaculation† Elder (n. d). This development is a safer, efficient and reliable method for women today. Other methods of contraception where then introduced to suit different women across the world. The Entebbe Raid (1976) This eve nt occurred when Air France departed from Paris to Athens bound to Israel was hijacked by seven Palestinians and diverted to Entebbe airport in Uganda. Haas (2008) reports that there were Jewish and Israeli passengers on board. The battle on the airfield was a result of the fear of a massacre portrayed by the hijackers. Ugandan soldiers and a small number of hostages were killed. This event marked the beginning of air flight hijackings. In 2001, the Americans were attacked by the Taliban in a similar manner and many perished. Due to such an event, strict rules and regulations for passengers have been enforced globally to ensure the safety of the innocent. The Bhopal industrial accident (1984) The Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India experienced the worst industrial accident in history. A leakage of forty tons of chemicals resulted in the death of over seven thousand and two hundred thousand injuries according to Haas (2008). This was a wakeup call for many industrial plants to exercise extreme caution. Codes of conduct in the workplace are of major importance today. Companies are now required to ensure that health and safety procedures are implemented. Environmental awareness is also a major topic of discussion as this accident had an impact on the environment.

Linear correlation coefficient and linear regression principles

Flouris, Metsios and Koutedakis (2006) studied the contribution of muscular strength in cardio-respiratory fitness tests, which are multistage shuttle run test (MSR), square shuttle run test (SSR) and maximal laboratory treadmill test (MT). The last minutes of an endurance race depended on muscular strength and anaerobic power. There however has no study yet on how lower extremity muscular strength performed in cardio respiratory fitness tests. The purpose of this study is to determine the levels of muscular strength independent using MT, MSR, and SSR. The participants of the study were thirty-eight healthy male individuals aged between 18 and 29 years old. To qualify for healthy individuals, those who smoke and hard benign medical history, were excluded from the study. Participants visit the data collection sites individually on three different occasions phased with a minimum of 96 hours between assessments. All these three assessments were done within two weeks. Time of assessment was between late morning and early afternoon. The first visit was for laboratory assessments: 1) progressive maximal laboratory treadmill test (MT) to exhaustion, where maximal attained speed (MAS) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX) were measured, and 2) isokinetic dynamometry, where measures of concentric peak torques of knee extensors (PTEX) and flexors (PTFL) and combined torque generated by both legs (PTC) were obtained. The remaining visits were for the field assessments of 20 meter multistage shuttle run test (MSR) and 20 meter square shuttle run test (SSR), where for each test the maximal attainment speed was measured. The linear regression analysis used in the square shuttle run test (SSR) was the equation: MASMSR = PTEX + PTFL + PTC. The beta-coefficients derived through the regression analysis however were not reported. From the isokinetic dynamometry measures, only combined peak torques of both legs had significant R2 increase, which was 0.04. This means that combined peak torques of both legs explained four percent of the variation in the data for maximal attained speed while performing the square shuttle run test. The relationship between MASMSR and PTFL was found to be highly positive, r(38)=0.58, p

Buyer Behavior

Consumer behaviour is commonly described as the study of the factors that determine purchase of consumer goods. The analysis of such factors attempts to find out why, when, where, how and what individual do or don’t to purchase certain goods. Generally it is very difficult to evaluate how people come to make certain decision though peripherally it appears to be obvious. For this reason, researchers have affirmed that there are several elements that play part in the overall buyer behaviour and cover a variety of subjects including sociology, psychology, anthropology, and economics among others.The customer needs and requirements are the central determinant of the purchase of goods, however with the current development in technology (communication and diversity of production), people have a variety of choices to pick from and for one to be able to win customers, he/she should produce the products that meet the specific customer demands, affordable and are convenient. Manipulatin g the customers psychology can be of great impact on the business as one can perceive what the customers want and design exactly that and therefore win a lot of customers.Buyer Decision Making The marketers are usually faced with great problem when designing the most appropriate promotion strategy to win customers to their businesses. This calls for research to find out the consumer behaviour so that market planning can be properly design (Klopper et al 2006), Unilever for instance, have constantly used its logo on all the goods because the reputation of the company is well known and intimately associated with the logo.The decision making process of the customers is the main focus because this is what determines whether the customer will purchase the product or not (Dibb & Simkin 2001). It also assists to design the marketing plan. Marketing is a very important aspect of business venture since the main aim of any business is to make profits. The process of planning and implementing the concept of price, promotion and supply of products and services is very complex and requires a plan; market planning.Marketers use a variety of means to describe how, when and where information on a product is presented to the customer. The purpose is to convince the customer to purchase the product and successful market plan creates the wish to buy hence the marketer needs to understand the likes, dislikes and expectations of consumers (Shaw & Semenik 1999). Market plan assess the customers in terms of demographic variables and behavioural changeable aspects.Research from previous has indicated that the consumer purchase behaviours are usually predisposed by the following factors; personal, psychological, cultural and social factors. It has been found that the interaction of these factors influence the customers to develop certain characteristic behaviour like brand preference or product loyalty. These factors are therefore very important for the marketers because they can use them to manipulate clients and end up with a lot of customers coming for their products or services.Though most of the factors cannot be directly manipulated by the marketers, understanding of the buyer decision process and the impact of these factors on the customers can be very beneficial in developing a marketing mix for their business and designed to appeal to the preferences of the target clients (Dibb & Simkin 2001). It has been established that before the purchase of a product or service, a customer goes through a process of making a decision.For easy understanding and analysis of the process of decision making, the process has been categorized into five stages; recognizing the problem, looking for other information, analysis of alternatives or substitutes, the actual buying decision and post buying behaviour (Shaw & Semenik 1999). The duration of the decision making process always very depending on personality and this range is described from the routinely buying practice to some degree of problem solving and more wide-ranging and far-reaching problem solving dealing.Due to interaction and the increase in communication technology, consumers get to exchange information and also get a variety of data from different sources which mean there is a lot of external influence on the decision one makes. For these reason, people do not act in seclusion in the buying process rather, their decision id influenced by several factors and people in the environment. The amount of influence gets complicated in the buying decision when a lot of people get involved and hence does the purchase decision by the customer (Howard & Sheth 1999).The decision to purchase and the actual purchase is powerfully controlled by the cultural, social, psychological and personal distinctiveness. These factors can be blended and used by a marketer to create the correct appeal for the customers. The decision making process can hence be interfered with at different levels and the outcome cou ld be that the customer gets to by the product without too much complexity (Shaw & Semenik 1999) Problem Identification: this is the difference between the perceived ideal desire for something and the actual situation of having to obtain the product.If the difference is greater enough, it is likely to evoke purchase of the product and this is described as the deficit in assortment of goods. For instance, a feeling of hunger is likely to inspire purchase of food because hunger can stimulate someone to eat. In this way, a company like Unilever can utilize this first step and stimulate purchase by an advert that create the idea that a customer is deficient, like the need to be beautiful using the Dove beauty products. This can inspire one to purchase dove as the ads usually uses model.Search of Information: this is a ways of obtaining information about the product about to be purchased and it is usually done in two ways i. e. internal search and external search. The internal search is when somebody relies on memory to remember past encounter with the product or the brand; this is usually used for regularly purchased goods and services. The external search is also a source of influence as one gets the information from friends and relatives, public sources like adverts, consumer reports, comparison during shopping etc.when a marketer clearly understands the importance of this stage in the purchase decision, he or she can present a lot of information (marketer dominated) in items like adverts, salesmen, website among other (Dibb & Simkin 2001). If Unilever uses several adverts that will capture the customer’s eye, it is likely to be remembered during this stage of decision making and leads to a positive response when one has to buy dove beauty products. Analysis of Substitutes (alternatives): this is the stage when the customer gets to set the criteria for buying.Under correct understanding of the decision making process, marketer can be able to establish bra nd name reputation and these brand name could easily fall in the clients criteria (Klopper et al 2006). Another important aspect here is to develop and win the customer worth notion. Unilever logo is very popular and since the reputation of the company is well established, it can form a very good basis for marketing against competitors like Lux, Lava and Ivory.The Buying Decision: a purchase decision is very critical to both the marketer and the client especially where to buy and is usually based on term of sale, previous knowledge of the product from the seller and return policy. When to purchase can be determined by appropriateness of the shop, store atmosphere and the time factor (Howard & Sheth 1999). Other factors in consideration when marketing include the product type, mode of packaging, and the means of purchase (online or physical etc).The Actual Buying: this can be altered by product availability and therefore, for a company to win customers over there competitors, they sh ould ensure that the products are always in the stores (Klopper et al 2006). Post Purchase Analysis: after acquiring the product, customers usually make comparisons of the actual effects and the expected outcome. From these, the product can be concluded as being satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Many companies are working very hard to ensure positive post purchase impact which will result in repeat purchase (Howard & Sheth 1999).Unilever can use follow up calls and sales people to convince the clients that they made the correct decision. This will help to manage the cognitive dissonance that is usually experienced and is characterized by tense moments and feeling of anxiety. Consumer Behaviour Theories Consumer behaviour theories are attempts to give explanations as to why customers usually behave in a certain way and not the other and is basically the basis used by marketers to make their marketing mix in what is called marketing theory.The basic buyer behaviour theory was postulated by Abraham Maslow, and this was based on the priority or the necessity of products and services and it mainly applies to the consumer goods. The second theory applies to merchandise or the industrial goods. This theory addresses the typical behaviour of buyers of organisational products or merchandise for business (Howard 1993). Essentially, there are four characteristic types of buyer behaviour as explained by the buyer behaviour theories and the categorization is determined by the kind good or services intended for purchase.The aim of the theories is to give answers to the following questions about customers; who? How? When? Where? And why do they buy? The buying behaviours are (Howard 1993); 1. Complex behaviour- this is the situation where a customer buys very expensive brand and inquires for more information prior to real purchasing. 2. Habitual buyer – this is when a client gets used to buying certain goods and regularly purchases them as a habit like newspapers etc. 3 . Variety seeking behaviour- this is when the customer develops the habit of shopping around for purposes of making comparisons and experimenting new products.This kind of client can shop different brands of the product say bread, cosmetics etc. 4. Dissonance reducing behaviour- these are buyers who get to do shopping because it is tasking or occasional. There is not greater influence by characteristics like branding, for instance the purchase of a gold chain. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory This theory explains what motivates people to purchase goods and the analysis is based on the priority or rather the necessity of the products or services to be purchased.In his theory, Abraham Maslow suggests that people will target to meet their primary needs first which include hunger and thirst (this is psychological classification) (Howard 1993). When these necessities are adequately satisfied, then the individuals can move to the next step of the hierarchy, i. e. the safety requi rements where main concern is the job security and the assurance that they will have regular income. The social needs come next and they are the need to be loved, this is a general human yearning and individuals will work hard to attain this sense of belonging.Self esteem comes next and this is the need to be recognised in terms of status quo and social class in the society, e. g. wearing branded shirts. Self actualization is the top most level of human needs and it is when an individual has achieved the most out of life, a point of life fulfilment (Howard & Sheth 1999). One can wonder that how can this concept help Unilever to market its products? Generally, marketing is meant to ensure that goods are sold and that they meet customers’ demands. The Maslow theory suggests that the individuals need keep on changing as they strive along hierarchy of needs to achieve self actualization.Unilever stores can store products that meet the esteem needs (particularly Dove beauty produc ts). This concept is therefore very important to marketers (Dibb & Simkin 2001). The theory of buying merchandise is more like the Maslow’s theory only that it does not include so much of the behavioural aspects. The theory works at macro-level and does not take into consideration how the retailers manage their business, the profits and hence it is of no big use to Unilever Company. Recommendations and Conclusions The two important marketing strategies are developing a marketing plan and carrying a market research.Developing the format of a marketing plan is the first step in making a marketing strategy. The plan should include; the objective and business mission; situation Analysis; the aims of the marketing strategy; strategic and tactical procedures; the budget and means of analyzing performance; and contingencies. The first step is to describe the challenge i. e. product to be marketed; in this case, the products are sandwiches, cold and hot drinks. Situation analyses inc lude several aspects, competitor analysis, SWOT analysis, company analysis and customer analysis (consumer behaviour).Customers are a very critical element of any business venture and during market planning it is very important to carry out a market research about customer information including purchasing habits, type of customers, number of customer, and concentration of customers centre for certain products etc. Competition can be overcome by optimizing on the opportunities, maximizing the strengths and eliminating the weaknesses. All these are obtained through market research analysis of market segmentation and position.Unilever can greatly influence customers to purchase Dove beauty products by the process known as market concepts which can be derived from buyer behaviour. References Dibb. S & Simkin L. (2001). Marketing Briefs. A Revision and Study Guide. Butterworth-Heinemann Howard J. A (1993). Marketing: Executive and Buyer Behaviour. Columbia University Press Howard J. A & Sheth J. N (1999). The Theory of Buyer Behaviour. Wiley Klopper H. B et al (2006). Marketing. Fresh Perspectives. Pearson South Africa. Shaw R. T & Semenik R. J (1999). Marketing. South Western Publishing Company.

The Organizational Revolution in the United States Essay

The Organizational Revolution in the United States - Essay Example First and foremost, the growth of the US potential in the inter-war period cannot be underestimated, as the progress was of industrial type. It is likely that the United States could not develop by the rural model of the 19th century. A change should be weightier in the most innovative sectors of the industrial breakthrough, such as aviation and automobile building. With this in mind, a well-known and century-long American insurance industry had become too influential in the metropolitan life with huge and tall buildings in New York, Chicago and other significant cities of the US: In the first decade of the 20th century, the Metropolitan Life had insurance in force totaling over $2.2 billion, so it built and occupied, 1909—10, an immense temple in the sky which was 700 feet high, the world’s tallest for a time (Johnson 576). Hence, the organizational revolution presupposed a significant shift from mainly rural to industrial development, from isolation to acknowledgement, from illiteracy to educational breakthroughs with knowledge of markets, society, politics and economy at large. It was the time of overall discovery of the American potential from inside out. In fact, both human resources and intellectual capacity of Americans let the country improve on its performance on the verge of the 20th century. Looking at the figures of Henry Ford and Alfred P. Sloan, their contribution into machine-building industry was too high to ignore it. In fact, both made America the first in the world’s tempos of automobile building. It was they who established the American image of â€Å"biggerness† present in every part of a car. ... The thing is that when Ford tried to make a car affordable for every single American, Sloane coped with the best strategy for launching such cars: â€Å"While Ford made the product as well as he could, then looked for people to buy it, Sloane produced the widest possible range of cars for the maximum spread of customers† (Johnson 731). Hence, America had a huge market share in the world arena concerning automobile industry. With a more pragmatic and capitalist vision of American luminaries, it touched upon every field of scientific and technological progress. Besides, business owners and the richest families of the time tried to impose the spirit of progress and superiority to every American so as to show them the very picture of the future innovations and breakthrough, as might be seen in the post-war period. Thus, engineering, consumerism, investment trusts, turnaround of capital locally and in the international perspective were some of the main trends of the economical grow th as a consequence of the organizational revolution. Capitalism is always consumerism. In this vein, Americans got used to believe more in the actual goods and material amenities at their disposal, forgetting about the genuine virtues of the sound-minded society. This assumption comes as a result of the rural, small, and isolated community which the United States was at the outset of the independence and throughout the 19th century. However, the European basis of the five main social institutions was not neglected in the US. In turn it gave grounds to the economic expansion which became possible for the United States after the World War I and due to its isolation, to be precise. Different

The importance of car designing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The importance of car designing - Case Study Example The key problem underlying the dilemma that is facing the company is the possibility of being sued for not assuring the quality of its product, which subsequently led to the death of one of the users and the serious injury of two others in the accident. The stakeholders, in this case scenario, the CEO (Chief Executive Officer), owner of company, the mangers, Mr. I. M. Good, the Vice President of Car Engineering, and Mrs. Lovely. All these stakeholders are responsible for all the events leading to the accident that caused the death of the customer and the injury of her or his young boy. This means that a decision processes was missed or ignorantly assumed at a certain point through the production stage of the car, Zinger. I believe the utmost and dire sole responsibility of the company is to keep the customers satisfied and ensure their safety while using the product. All the information about the flaws of the car was kept under secrecy due to the need to earn revenue fast due to the increased competition kin the market. The stakeholders in the firm have a great social responsibility of maintain the company’s image regarding their professionalism and provision of quality products in the market. Their esteemed customers need to be well informed about the goods they use and be cautioned on any flaws that might hurt them physically. They should make this resolution even if the decision making would mean the recalling back of all the flawed cars from the car dealerships around the whole market. This will go a long way in ensuring and restoring their clients trust in the product. Otherwise, subsequent accidents would see the firm receiving multiple law suits for their flawed products, thus they would lose their esteemed clients, subsequently resulting to a lot of money spent in settling cases. The company should maintain a positive image with their clients. Advisable, the one ethical decision to be made would be to halt the selling of the Zinger car till a fur ther time after improvisation and repairs on the flaws. The sole and most viable decision that company should make is to halt the production of the car and work on its improvisation to prevent any further accidents that have led to fatalities. One would consider it moral to keep clients informed about the goods they use. They should do this even if it means that this will reduce their profit margin over some period of time. Earning customer trust is essential in maintaining a client base for future of the company. The effective management of the control process supports the system for the production of quality goods. The top managers in the organization, that is the CEO and the other board of governors and stakeholders need to be informed all the tasks carried out in the company. Essential information like the assumption made for the Zinger car should not have been ignored since the wrong decision made not to convey information appropriately led to the death of an individual. The ha stiness for the firm to seek approval of the car’s introduction to the market might cause a bad reputation for the company due to the faults that were not addressed during the production stage. The consequences of all these decisions are for the betterment of the firm’s reputation on the market. Well, if word gets out to its competitors about this flaw, then this would mean that their competitive edge is doomed since their rivals in the market would use this information for marketing and promotional market share competition. If they lost customers their profit margins might fall to even losses. Ultimately this leads to company fallout due to negligence of prior events that would have been prevented before product launch. Closing from

Methods rasearch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Methods rasearch - Essay Example The best design depends on the research question as well as the orientation of the researcher. The study will adopt descriptive survey as a method of collecting information by using a standardized form of interview schedule and administering a questionnaire to a sample of individuals. This method is most appropriate for collecting information to determine if high school teachers and middle school differ in their attitude towards education reform. Both the secondary and primary data will be used in the analysis. The design is also suitable because it gives an in-depth description of the phenomena in their existing setting. Descriptive survey is also preferred because it is economical in collecting data from over a large sample with high data turn over. Variables Since it is a quantitative research, this proposed study has both dependent and independent variables. The independent variables for the study is the teaching levels (middle and high school teachers) while the dependent variab le are the attitude towards school reforms. On the other hand, this proposed study will seek to establish the relationship between the dependent variable (school reforms) and the independent variable (teaching levels). Participants The Purpose of this study is to determine if there is a difference in attitude between high school teachers and middle school teachers towards education reform. The researcher will carry out 30 questions on a questionnaire survey to determine the attitude of high school and middle school teachers towards education reform. The target population of the study is high school and middle school teachers across the country. 500 participants will be interviewed during the study. For preciseness, the teachers will be divided according to various age and sex. This will give a spread of responses and the opportunity to identify interesting differences. Sample and Sampling Design Sample selection depends on the population size, its homogeneity, the sample media and i ts cost of use, and the degree of precision required. The study will use the stratified sampling technique to get the required strata Khan (2011). This is a technique where the population is organized into strata, with each member occupying a specific stratum possessing homogenous characteristics. Each member of a particular stratum then has a probabilistic chance of being chosen into the sample. The population of this study was organized into four strata; male and female teachers, those under 30 and over 30 years old. Simple random sampling technique was then used to select the 500 respondents that were used from the study Procedures The study will rely mainly on primary data from the questionnaires and secondary data on large scale variables. The questionnaire will be based on likeard scale and ordinal scale. Besides, non-quantifiable statements within the questionnaire will be developed on non-ordinal scale which entails personal views Khan (2011). Open and closed ended questionn aires will be used to when asking the responds about their attitude towards school reforms. Specifically, self-administered questionnaires will be used. It is considered that a combination of self-administered questionnaires and in-depth personal interviews are, for the research, the most appropriate

The Civil Rights Movement in 1960 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Civil Rights Movement in 1960 - Essay Example (Encarta, 2008) With the formation of NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in 1909 an organized struggle for equality for blacks began. The event that triggered the eventual Civil Rights Movement was when a Black lady, Rosa Parks, refused to give her seat to a White person in a public bus. She was arrested for non-compliance and put in jail. The refusal to give up the seat led to an eight month strike of the bus system in Montgomery. During this time the black community organized their own carpools and deprived the government of the income that came from black riders. The eight-month strike put a severe financial burden on the city and thus the Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional and ended the strike. (Mkmba, 2005) ("Origins of the Civil Rights Movement", 1994) The Civil Rights Movement that started in the 1950s was very important for the people of America as well as people of the whole world. In the US, there were increasing injustices towards the minorities, specially the Blacks. It created the right for all and established the condemnation of discrimination in any form. Because somebody thought to go against the norms and fight for their rights, the minorities realized that such injustices would longer be tolerated and at the same time they set an example for all oppressed people to fight for their rights. The open segregation and oppression ended segregation publicly and legally. The new America promoted independence for everybody no matter if a person was from a different race, creed or sex. African Americans finally got voting rights and it helped path the future for giving voting rights to women. (Roy, 2004) The Civil Rights Movement was also important for other countries apart from the United States. Since US is a superpower and is generally considered the land of freedom and righteousness, other countries look up at US for sense and direction. When equal rights were given to all people, other countries also followed up. Some countries in Europe and Asia that follows America's lead also changed their policies. Furthermore, the US set a good example for others to follow which made others realize that even the leaders of biggest powers of the world cannot hammer their authority on the minorities. What is the impact on the American society The impact of the Civil Rights Movement has time and again been seen from a positive and a negative perspective. The achievement of purpose of the Movement has been questioned and critics have been discussing this for a long time. On a positive front, changes have taken place in the social and legal context. These changes are not only for Blacks, but for all. The human race is imperfect. Everybody has some flaws within themselves which a nation cannot expect to correct. Civil Rights Movement was about making the majorities realize that the minorities existed and they wanted to have some rights. The goal wasn't to remove all racism. Such a happening could never workout since all humans are different and have different values and emotions. What the Civil Rights Movement did was to provide a /legal mean to the minorities to challenge the injustices committed against them. Anyone who feels that he/she is being discriminated,

Hospitals and Medicine in the American Civil War 1861-1865 Research Paper

Hospitals and Medicine in the American Civil War 1861-1865 - Research Paper Example Many women volunteered to become nurses during the civil war, which was an indication of their strength to care for the men who were out fighting. In the military hospitals, the duties of the nurses were usually domestic. They prepared and served meals, making sure that they accommodated every patient’s diet. The doctors were the determinants whether a patient was to receive a low, half or full diet. Nurses had to maintain track of every patient’s meal. In addition, nurses were supposed to supply linens and clothing to the soldiers. The nurses participated in surgeries by providing emotional support to the soldiers during the surgery process. They participated in talking, writing and reading for the soldiers in order to give them emotional support. In most hospitals, the nurses were sisters, who came from different religious orders. Civil war nurses used to wear dark colors, usually black or brown color, which was a requirement by the government. The dresses were design ed to serve the function and were not meant for fashion. During the civil war, the hospitals were under staffed. Physicians had a variety of medications at their reach to treat injured and sick soldiers. Some of the medications that they used are used even today. Many medications were effective but crude; others had a placebo effect only. Anesthetics were commonly used during the civil war and mostly in amputations. ... The hospitals did not have well trained doctors since during that period; there were no medical schools to train the doctors. The few doctors who had acquired medical knowledge were not adequately trained to perform most of the required performance for treatment. In the hospitals, there were no antibiotics because, at the time, medical technology had not developed. Doctors relied mostly on herbal medicine in prescribing treatments. The doctors did not sterilize or clean wounds during medication. The hospitals were mainly not housed, and most of the treatments and services were provided outside. The nurses, who worked with the doctors, were also untrained and were mainly sisters professing different religions. Most of the nurses worked under volunteer ship. Doctors treated patients on the ground without worrying about the dirty condition or the environment. Most people developed infections after surgery, and this condition was referred as surgical fever. Hospital systems, which provid e hospital care to the patients, had not been developed. X-rays, blood typing and modern health tests and procedures did not exist. Before the civil war, there were no military hospitals. When the civil war broke, it was deemed necessary to have hospitals where soldiers and other patients received treatments. During the time, many buildings and institutions were converted in to hospitals. Some of the major hospitals during the time were Campbell Hospital, Armory Square Hospital, Harewood Hospital and Reynolds Barracks Hospital. These hospitals received many patients despite, the problems that they faced. Surgery was the commonest treatment for wounds, despite the low chance for survival. Before the civil war, the number of doctors who had ever performed

Psychology, Anthropology, and Sociology applied Essay - 1

Psychology, Anthropology, and Sociology applied - Essay Example The way these conflicts are resolved determines the individual’s ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety. Romantic relationships are governed by the concept of the Development of Attachment or the strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to feel pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress. When we establish a sense of attachment for someone special, we produce a romantic relationship. In order to make our societal and cultural lives better, we must focus our attention on Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, which focuses on how culture, the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group, is transmitted to the next generation. These concepts allow us to produce healthier relationships with other, romantic attachments, and better societal and cultural lives. Anthropology is important in producing better relationships with others, better romantic relationships, and better societal and cultural lives. Through participant-observation, Anthropologists are able to study many areas of human beings. Through these studies, they focus on family unit, family culture, and race to get a better understanding of these elements. Relationships become better because we are able to learn how past relationships affect our present relationships. Learning from historical examples is a good way of establishing a healthy relationship, which produces romantic ties with the individual who the person is intertwined. Societal and cultural ways become better because Anthropologist focus on understanding past cultures and societies. This research allows them to link past cultures and societies with present cultures and societies. It gives them an understanding of why and how people in present societies have a common link with past societies. Past cultures tend to t ransmit through present cultures because someone in the past taught their

To what extent are organisations socially constructed phenomena Essay - 1

To what extent are organisations socially constructed phenomena - Essay Example To understand cultural diversity in organisations, it would be helpful to understand its roots at a sociological level. Cultural diversity at the workplace is a direct result of ‘multiculturalism’ in the society. A multicultural society simply denotes a society in which there exist several cultures (Watson, 2000). Culture is defined as, â€Å"A pattern of shared assumptions a group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way you think, perceive, and feel in relation to those problems† (Schein, 2003). So, a multicultural society has in it different groups, which have learned different ways of thinking, perceiving, and tackling problems that exist in the society. Each group taken individually is a society on its own, with its own individual culture. When all these individual societies are brought under one single cor e society, the culture of such a society becomes the core culture, with the individual cultures as its subcultures (Watson, 2002). ... A general view of cultural differences is that they affect intercultural encounters, usually by leading to misunderstanding or conflict, at both the individual and group levels (Larkey, 1996). Larkey explains that at the individual level, as different values, beliefs or worldviews are manifested in communication behaviours and as culture creates differing expectations and differing styles or patterns of speech, interpersonal misunderstanding and conflict can arise. At the group level, inter-group processes can be triggered by, for instance, an individual’s non-verbal behaviour or ways of speaking which stereotypically represent a group (1996). It then becomes the responsibility of the leadership of the core society to introduce a culture and/or change its existing core culture to accommodate the various differences brought in by the subcultures in an integrated manner, where these differences are acknowledged and valued (Lachman et al, 1994). When the above sociological aspect s of culture are compared to a business organisation, the organisation is the core society, and its culture, the core culture. We all refer to this as organisational culture. Analogically speaking, the organisational (core) culture should be designed in such a way that the employees of the company share a basic set of values and assumptions, which tie them to that particular organisation. But, on the individual or group levels, each employee has his/her own cultural norms and practices beyond those they share with other members of the company, which can be safely termed as the subcultures within the organisation (Bate, 1995). While different cultural traits offer different identities to different employees, there are usually certain traits shared by all the employees, which give them a

Medina highschool footbridge design Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6750 words

Medina highschool footbridge design - Coursework Example The design of the bridge has to consider various elements such as the weight of the materials, foundation as well as the hydrology of the area. In the design, safety of the student is given the highest priority, but the structural competency is a necessity. This report encompasses the decision of the design, the materials used as well as the specifications for the design. The design that is to be chosen has to be ergonomic, economically viable and purposeful to the users. The nature of the design has to incorporate the readily available skill, material as well as funds, while ensuring the safety of the users and constructors. The design process has to ensure that the final design shall support the weight of the users, consist of measures against failures in overturning and sliding and also have features that can be repaired when need be. This report shall analyze possible designs and the incorporation of designs to carter for the needs of the community it is to be designed. Introduct ion Bridges are structures that are constructed to ease connectivity over a given area, while providing safe passage for the community in that particular region. The bridge is a construct that is cheap and solves the problem of congestion, in some cases the bridges are an attraction site based on the engineering done on the bridge. A bridge is mostly defined as a structure built to connect two points, usually built overhead. The bridge may be built over land or water depending on the needs and established necessity for the bridge. A bridge in the Medina high school area provides the students with a communication channel that minimizes the risks they would face in travelling using the road and tram network in the area near the school. From the behaviour patterns of the school and traffic, the need for a bridge in the region is justified. The morning and evening hours in the Medina region is under a lot of traffic with people reporting to their working stations and coming back home in the evenings. The considerations in the overall design of the bridge should include the mode of transport commonly used by students. Students are prone to using scooters, bicycles and skateboards. These factors should be considered in designing the pedestrian bridge. The following were the suggestions made by the class on the problem of the footbridge in the Medina area: Rationale for the development: The problem 1. Developments in retailing Whereas 100 years ago, all the major towns on the Isle of Wight were effectively self-contained, with examples of all types of shops (for example, butchers, bakers, grocers, clothing, hardware etc), modern supermarkets have tended to concentrate in the Newport town area. Part of the result of this has been to kill off small retail shops in the smaller towns and villages; even the general village store is having a hard time. We see examples of this when we visit Ventnor and Shanklin on the Isle of Wight (Geotechnics) field course. Not only are t he prices in the larger supermarkets better than in small shops (due to turnover), parking in many of the small towns is difficult. It is therefore important that people have access to Newport for their basic shopping. However, room for car parking is exhausted, and for those without cars, the journey to and from Newport is inconvenient, irregular and slow. In bad

Fiction as History Essay Example for Free

Fiction as History Essay He was known as â€Å"Gabo† to the people living in Colombia and to those who knew him by his reputation. He was not only a short-story writer, a novelist and a screenwriter by profession for he was also a journalist—these were only among the many things which gave him the honor as among the famous writers of Latin America and one of the most significant 20th century authors. At the age of 65, Gabriel Garcia Marquez was given the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1982: the product of the combination of an early life largely influenced by his grandfather and a life lived through the ways and means of journalism after quitting law school (Williams, p. 135). Gabo is considered to be a pioneering author in the Latin American â€Å"Boom† during the 1960s, stemming from the fame he achieved through his masterpiece One Hundred Years of Solitude and his indispensable presence and role in Latin American literature (Maurya, p. 54). One Hundred Years of Solitude has been significantly understood by critics and literary scholars as a history of Gabo’s rendition of the circumstances during the strike that happened back in 1928 in Colombia (Posada-Carbo, p. 401). That magnus opus of Gabo is said to scrutinize the Colombian regime’s repressive nature as well as the strike itself which claimed the lives of many workers. Throughout the course of his career, the literary style known as â€Å"magical realism† has been largely attributed to Gabo as he was the one who popularized the literary technique of using magical events and elements so as to give real experiences the fitting explanations (Hinds and Raymond, p. 897). Gabo is also said to have been an influential writer not only for his fellow Latin Americans but also for fresh authors and budding writers from other nations. For Gabo, reality is a very significant theme and ingredient in his writings, especially evident in his works â€Å"In Evil Hour,† â€Å"Big Mama’s Funeral† and â€Å"Nobody Writes to the Colonel† (Aizenberg, p. 1239). These three works of Gabo reflect the kind of Columbian society where he lived inasmuch as they also reflect the reality of life in the nation. The theme of reality is the foundation for the rational structure of the books of Gabo, although European readers may tend to be less aware of the reality that Gabo wants to send across and tend to be more inclined to interpret his works as testimonies to his magical realist craft. The first few years in the career of Gabo Marquez saw a struggling journalist in him. He was literally a travelling journalist simply because he was always on the move, transferring from town to town across Latin America and Europe. At one point, he worked for El Espectador back in 1955 as a correspondent reporting from Rome and Paris. Although the newspaper was shut down by the dictator Rojas Pinilla which took away his position as a journalist, Gabo nevertheless was able to pick up on where he was left and continued his writing career in Mexico City. In the City, he did not only work as a journalist; he also worked as a screen writer and as a publicist before moving back to Barcelona during the 1970s. Although Gabo was a well-travelled writer, it can be said that he never fails to at least think about his hometown and reflect it on what he has written. Evidence to this is his constant use of the town â€Å"Macondo† in his many stories which reminds the readers of the town of Aracataca where Gabo was born and lived his childhood days (Molen, p. 4). This was true right from the time when Gabo began writing to the time when he was able to considerably attain success in the literary limelight. Nonetheless, the time when Gabo began writing was a significant event for the literary scene in Hispanic American societies because the literature in those regions was characterized either by realist-modernist or super-regionalism during the middle part of the twentieth century. Those were the times when Latin American writers were busy either writing as a modernist or as a realist—both having the tendencies to categorize themselves as ‘regional’ writers or writers who either depict or mask reality in their respective places. Maurya Vibha further suggests that there is an apparent â€Å"absent history in the Third World conditions of Latin America† and a â€Å"link between postcolonial fiction and a desire to think historically† in the works of Gabo (p. 54). If Vibha is indeed right, then there is strong reason to believe that what Gabo did in his works is to provide that link and, in the end, to capture the significance of those ‘third world conditions’ into a piece of literature which depicts the stark reality in Latin American societies. Apparently, the works of Gabo, if not the course of his life, present the struggles faced by Latin Americans in their own territory as well as in others. In effect, it can be said that Gabo’s ‘magical realism’ is indeed a combination of the depiction of the social realities that the author saw in his lifetime and of the literary magic that he used in depicting those realities. Although European readers may get the impression that the literature of Gabo is ‘magic’ in itself, it should not be the case that the substance of his works be confined to that magic alone for it transcends the barriers of that magic by portraying reality at its highs and lows. Works Cited Aizenberg, Edna. Historical Subversion and Violence of Representation in Garcia Marquez and Ouologuem. PMLA 107. 5 (1992): 1239. Hinds, Elizabeth Jane, and Raymond Leslie Williams. Interview with Gabriel Garcia Marquez. PMLA 104. 5 (1989): 897. Maurya, Vibha. Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Social Scientist 11.1 (1983): 54. Molen, Patricia Hart. Potency Vs Incontinence In The Autumn of the Patriarch Of Gabriel Garcia Marquezpotency Vs Incontinence In The Autumn of the Patriarch Of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 33. 1 (1979): 4. Posada-Carbo, Eduardo. Fiction as History: The Bananeras and Gabriel Garcia Marquezs One Hundred Years of Solitude. Journal of Latin American Studies 30. 2 (1998): 401. Williams, Raymond Leslie. The Visual Arts, the Poetization of Space and Writing: An Interview with Gabriel Garcia Marquez. PMLA 104. 2 (1989): 135.

A Dolls House as a Problem Play

A Dolls House as a Problem Play A Dolls House is one of the major realistic problem plays of Henrik Ibsen. In A Dolls House, Nora Helmer is the main character. She is the wife of Torvald Helmer, who is a bank manager. The story happens when Christmas is coming. To keep the job in Torvalds bank, Krostad, who is the man that Nora borrowed money from to pay the trip to Italy to cure her husband, threatens her that he will tell Torvald she forged her fathers signature to borrow money if she doesnt help him to talk with Torvald. She tries to do what Krostad wants because she is fearful that she will lose the family when Torvald knows about that. However, what she is afraid of happen. She spends a whole night to think about what happened, and she realized that Torvald and she dont understand each other. Finally, she decides to leave him and her children to discover her own life where she can find her own self. By separating the various themes of faux marriage and broken family, Henrik Ibsen focuses on the place of women with Nora as his central character. Nora chooses divorce at the end to free not only Torvald but also herself. Just holding a marriage without love, communication, trust, and toleration, the marriage between them cannot last forever. The reasons that lead to divorce in the play are relevant in the world today. Love is the first base to build a strong marriage. Without love, marriage will be destroyed easily. In A Dolls House play, the marriage of Torvald and Nora is seemed very happy, but truthfully, Torvald didnt really love Nora. With him, she is woman who is under his control. After her forging her fathers signature is disclosed, she realizes that her marriage is built without their real love. Torvald pretends to love Nora, and she pretends to love him. She feels that she is living a lie while she lives with him as a doll. She did and thought the same as what he said. Nora claims, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦You arranged everything to your tastes, and I acquired the same tastes. Or I pretended toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I dont really knowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I think it was a bit of both, sometimes one thing and sometimes the other. When I look back, it seems to me I have been living here like a beggar, from hand to mouthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Ibsen 858). When Torvald asked whether she had been happy living with him or n ot, she answers no although she hopes that she was. Therefore, building a marriage without love definitely hurts the relationship between husband and wife as it hurt the relationship between Torvald and Nora. A balance of love is needed in any marriage. Another quality that leads to failed marriage in the play and the world today is the lack of communication. Two soul-mates need to communicate in a relationship. Because Nora understands Torvalds character and doesnt want to let him worry, she didnt talk to him about borrowing money from Krogstad to cure his illness. Moreover, when they talk to each other, they always say about money and work. In the Act I, Nora is seen as a spendthrift her husbands eyes. She always says money when Torvald asks her what she wants. Because of that fact, Torvald seem to be a person who really loves his wife when he agrees with all her requests, but he didnt know what she really wants. The lack of communication makes them cannot understand each other. In the play, Nora realizes that they didnt talk enough through eight years when she says, We have now been married eight years. Hasnt it struck you this is the first time you and I, man and wife, have had a serious talk together? (Ibsen 858). The answer wa s no. That is why Nora didnt tell her husband about her secret. Just because of the poor communication, a marriage can never hope to live onward. Although love and communication are important in marriage, trust is also necessary to build a marriage stronger. Torvald had almost no trust in Nora. When Nora needed some money to buy some things for Christmas, he jeered at her. He state, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if only you really did buy something for yourself with it. But it just get mixed up with the housekeeping and frittered away on all sorts of useless thing, and then I have to dig into my pocket all over again (Ibsen 815). With spendthrift character, Nora lacks trust in her husband, and it is not good for their marriage. It makes them have no trust or even suspect each other. Without trust, marriage becomes impossible. Last but not least, toleration is also necessary in marriage to help them closer. Although they have a good relationship, if they dont have toleration, they will be separated. In the play, both Torval and Nora dont have toleration. This is one of the reasons that lead to their divorce. When Torvald know about what Nora have done, he very angry and doesnt want to forgive her for her fault. He even requests that she has to stay away form him. When he reads the second letter from Krosgtad, he is calmed down and forgives for her fault, but it was too late because she realizes that he didnt love her. She is the same as her husband. She cannot forgive for a person who cares nothing more than him. She finally decides to leave her family to discover a new life where she can find her own self. She says, If I never reach any understanding of myself and the thing around me, I must learn to stand alone. Thats why I cant stay here with you any longer (Ibsen 859). With the strong tone, her determi ned attitude about leaving is shown up although Torvald begs her to stay with him. In conclusion, A Dolls House is a great play of Henrik Ibsen. A Dolls House leaves us a message that holding a marriage without four qualities above is impossible. The marriage of Torvald and Nora Helmer had many problems because they got married without real love, hold their marriage without trust, have the poor communication to understand each other, and have no toleration to forgive for their faults. A Dolls House teaches us a lesson that getting married with our loves is easy, but keeping our marriage can last forever is not easy as we thought. Work Cited Ibsen, Henrik. A Dolls House. Literature for Composition. Ed. Sylvan Barnet et al. 8th ed. New York: Longman, 2007. 813-862.

Overview of Ebola

Overview of Ebola Ebola virus is a deadly virus which cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates for instance monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees. Infection caused by the Ebola virus strains is known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever or Ebola. Virus which cause Ebola infection belong to familyFiloviridae, genusEbolavirus. Five species of Ebola virus are identified. Among these five species,four cause disease in humans which are: Ebola virus Sudan virus Taà ¯ Forest virus Bundibugyo virus Reston virus is the fifth specie and is known to cause disease in nonhuman primates and not in humans. History: Ebola virus disease first emerged in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, first one in Nzara, Sudan, and second one in Yambuku few months later. Later a case was reported in a village located near a river named as Ebola River. The disease is named after that river.The first attack of Ebola in Sudan affected about 284 people with mortality rate of approx. 53%.The second Ebola virus appeared from Yambuku(EBOZ) has mortality rate of 88% and affected 318 people. Use of contaminated syringes and needles in clinics and hospitals and close personal contact with infected ones are considered as main cause of outbreak of disease. In 1989,the third strain of Ebola named as Ebola Reston (EBOR) was discovered in USA(Virginia and Pennsylvania) through imported infected monkeys into Virginia from Philippines.In 1990,once again EBOR was emerged in Virginia and Texas by imported monkeys but four people developed antibodies and remained safe. Later in 1994,the last strain of Ebola named as Ebola Cote dIvoire (EBO-CI) was discovered while conductance of a necropsy on a dead chimpanzee sighted in the Tai Forest by a female ethologist. One more case occurred in gold-mining camps located in the rain forest in the same year with mortality rate of 60%. Initially the disease was thought to be yellow fever and was identified as Ebola virus disease much later. In 1995, virus apperared in Kikwit with mortality rate of 81%.Later in 1996, ebola virus appeared in South Africa with mortality rate of 50% when medical professional travelled to South Africa from Gabon after treating Ebola-infected patients. He was admitted in hospita l and a nurse whose duty was to take care of doctor, also became infected and died. Another case occurred in Mayibout area with mortality rate of 57% when an infected chimpanzee was eaten by people hunting for food. In 2000,virus appeared in Masindi, Gulu, and districts of Uganda with mortality rate of 53%. In 2001 and 2002,disease emerged in the Republic of the Congo and over the border of Gabon and with mortality rate of 82% and was the first time that Ebola virus disease spread in the Republic of the Congo. In 2003, outbreak of infection appeared in Mbomo and Mbandza villages with mortality rate of 83%.In 2004,cases of disease were reported in Yambio county of southern Sudan accompanied with measles at the same time with mortality rate of 41%.Later in 2007, virus affected people in Kasai Occidental Province and Bundibugyo District in western Uganda with mortality rate of 71% and 25% respectively.In 2008,strains of Ebola-Reston were discovered in pigs.In 2011, a patient died in th e Luwero district, Uganda due to Ebola Hemorrhagic fever as diagnosed by The Uganda Ministry of Health.In 2012,a viral attack was reported in the Kibaale District of Uganda. In 2013, disease emerged in the Luwero District.Samples were tested by CDCs Viral Special Pathogens.Recently in 2014,infection was reported in several villages located in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in months of august to November with mortality rate of 74%.In March, virus attacked multiple countries in West Africa. Worldwide occurance: Ebola is a rare disease and has spread in Guinea,Sierra Leone and Liberia. Severely affected countries by Eboal a-included Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia due to weak health systems,shortfall of infrastructural and human resources. Ebola outbreak also began in Boende, Equateur which is a part of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Ebola virus disease occurs in the Republic of the Congo, Africa, Ivory Coast, Sudan , Gabon, and Uganda, but there are chances of its occurance in other African countries. Transmission: Fruit bats that are included in Pteropodidae family are considered as natural Ebola virus hosts. Introduction of Ebola virus into the human population occurs through close contact with the organs, blood and secretions. Virus can also be transmitted by bodily fluids of infected animals such as gorillas, chimpanzees, forest antelope ,monkeys, porcupines. and fruit bats. Virus spreads via direct close contact through broken skin,fluids of infected people, mucous membranes and materials or surfaces contaminated with these fluids e.g. clothing and bedding. EVD spreads through close contact with infected patients when control precautions are not firmly practiced. It is transmitted by needles and syringes used to treat Ebola-infected patients. Transmission of Ebola occurs via those burial ceremonies in which people have direct close contact with the body of the dead infected by EVD. As long as blood and body fluids e.g semen and breast milk contain the ebola virus,people are considered infectious. Interestingly men can transmit the virus via their semen after recovering from illness for up to seven weeks. Symptoms Symptoms of Ebola virus disease are nonspecific. After the incubation period of 2 to 21 days, signs of Ebola virus are: abruptfever and fever fatigue headache joint pain muscle aches and pain sore throat weakness These symptoms are followed by : . This is followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function both external and internal bleeding e.g. blood in the stools and oozing from the gums in some cases. Hiccups Stomach pain It is important to mention that humans are not infectious until they develop specific symptoms for disease. Diagnosis Distinguishing EVD from other infectious diseases for instance malaria, typhoid fever and meningitis is a difficult task. For identification of Ebola virus disease following strategies are used in order to confirm that symptoms are caused by Ebola virus. antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen-capture detection tests serum neutralization test reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay electron microscopy virus isolation by cell culture. ELISA and PCR are considered as efficient diagnostic tests for Ebola virus disease. Treatment Still there is no standard treatment for Ebola virus disease and only supportive therapy is available. Supportive therapy includes treatment of specific symptoms and supportive care-rehydration with intravenous fluids or orally. A wide range of treatments including immune therapies, drug therapies and blood products, are recently being evaluated for treatment of Ebola virus disease. Two vaccines are undergoing human safety testing but still there is no licensed vaccine available for treatment. Prevention and control Prevention and control of Ebola virus disease is much difficult. One can prevent from disease by early testing and isolation of the infected patient. Moreover ,barrier protection for caregivers for instance mask, gown, goggles, and gloves is necessary to prevent others from getting infected. Outbreak of disease can be controlled by applying a package of interventions, e.g., safe burials ,surveillance, , case management , social mobilisation., contact tracing and a good laboratory service. Outbreak control of disease relies on raising awareness of risk factors and protective measures that individuals can take in order to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction must consider following factors: Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human transmission: In order to control its outbreak,it is very necessary to avoid contact with infected monkeys or fruit bats and the consumption of their infected meat. Infected and uninfected animals must carefully be handled with gloves and significant protective clothing. Thorough cooking of animal’s meat is required to reduce risk of infection. Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission: One must avoid from direct or close contact with people suspected to be Ebola victims.Gloves and specific personal protective equipment must be used while looking after patients at hospitals or at home. Outbreak containment measures: It refers to safe burial of the dead,identification of people who may have been remained in contact with infected people, the significance of separating the healthy ones from the sick to prevent further spread and finally the importance of maintaining a neat and clean environment and good hygiene.

Eve Essay -- essays research papers

Reinventing Literary History- Cregan  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Joselyn Wohl Paradise Lost by John Milton  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2/16/99   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is obvious to the reader that John Milton blames Eve entirely for initiating the original sin and thus losing Paradise. It is she who convinces her husband to allow them to work separately, and it is she who is coerced to eat the fruit that was expressly forbidden by God. John Milton’s view is patriarchal, but involves a contradictory description of Eve as logical, for men at that time did not view women as intelligent. Milton’s demonstration of Eve’s ability to analyze God’s commands with reason and her own judgment emphasizes his opinion that in order to succeed one needs only to have faith in God, which supersedes all intellect, for God is the most knowledgeable being. Adam has the undying faith necessary to remain in Paradise, but Eve obviously does not and is therefore responsible for her sins, and for their banishment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In deciding how Adam and Eve will carry out their daily labors, Eve wants to work apart from Adam and to â€Å"divide [their] labours† because   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While so near eachother thus all day   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [Their] task [they] choose, what wonder if so near   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Looks intervene and smiles, or object new   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Casual discourse draw on, which intermits   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [Their] day’s work brought to little, though begun   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early, and th’hour of Supper comes unearn’d (ix, 220-224). Eve’s rationalization for working separately from Adam is that she thinks that they will be able to get more work done considering the fact that they will not be distracted by each other. Adam feels protective over Eve and is fearful that the â€Å"malicious Foe/ Envying [their] happiness, and of his own/ Despairing, seeks to work [them] woe and shame/ By sly assault† (ix, 253-256). Adam is taking into careful considerat... ...ton emphasizes a woman’s inability to think without her husband, because when Eve goes off on her own and tries to use â€Å"logic† she sins. The Serpent’s â€Å"words replete with guile/ Into her heart too easy entrance won... and in her ears the sound/ Yet rung of his persuasive words, impregn’d/ With Reason, to her seeming, and with Truth† (ix, 733-738|). Milton is insinuating here that the serpent’s malicious lies seemed like the truth to ignorant and naive Eve. Eating the fruit explicitly forbidden by her creator, she is guilty of the fall of Paradise, despite her obvious intelligence and reasoning. The irony of Milton’s argument is that Eve does have a well functioning brain, but he final judgment is wrong. Women may be intelligent but they are not wise because Eve has sinned against God, and there is no worse act that a Protestant can commit. In order to be successful in life, one must possess wisdom, and it seems that Milton does not place it within Eve’s character, but in Adam’s character, the man. In conclusion, even though a woman can think analytically, she cannot make wise judgements on her own and is susceptible to mistakes and sins, usually brought about by foul temptation. Eve Essay -- essays research papers Reinventing Literary History- Cregan  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Joselyn Wohl Paradise Lost by John Milton  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2/16/99   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is obvious to the reader that John Milton blames Eve entirely for initiating the original sin and thus losing Paradise. It is she who convinces her husband to allow them to work separately, and it is she who is coerced to eat the fruit that was expressly forbidden by God. John Milton’s view is patriarchal, but involves a contradictory description of Eve as logical, for men at that time did not view women as intelligent. Milton’s demonstration of Eve’s ability to analyze God’s commands with reason and her own judgment emphasizes his opinion that in order to succeed one needs only to have faith in God, which supersedes all intellect, for God is the most knowledgeable being. Adam has the undying faith necessary to remain in Paradise, but Eve obviously does not and is therefore responsible for her sins, and for their banishment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In deciding how Adam and Eve will carry out their daily labors, Eve wants to work apart from Adam and to â€Å"divide [their] labours† because   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While so near eachother thus all day   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [Their] task [they] choose, what wonder if so near   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Looks intervene and smiles, or object new   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Casual discourse draw on, which intermits   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [Their] day’s work brought to little, though begun   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early, and th’hour of Supper comes unearn’d (ix, 220-224). Eve’s rationalization for working separately from Adam is that she thinks that they will be able to get more work done considering the fact that they will not be distracted by each other. Adam feels protective over Eve and is fearful that the â€Å"malicious Foe/ Envying [their] happiness, and of his own/ Despairing, seeks to work [them] woe and shame/ By sly assault† (ix, 253-256). Adam is taking into careful considerat... ...ton emphasizes a woman’s inability to think without her husband, because when Eve goes off on her own and tries to use â€Å"logic† she sins. The Serpent’s â€Å"words replete with guile/ Into her heart too easy entrance won... and in her ears the sound/ Yet rung of his persuasive words, impregn’d/ With Reason, to her seeming, and with Truth† (ix, 733-738|). Milton is insinuating here that the serpent’s malicious lies seemed like the truth to ignorant and naive Eve. Eating the fruit explicitly forbidden by her creator, she is guilty of the fall of Paradise, despite her obvious intelligence and reasoning. The irony of Milton’s argument is that Eve does have a well functioning brain, but he final judgment is wrong. Women may be intelligent but they are not wise because Eve has sinned against God, and there is no worse act that a Protestant can commit. In order to be successful in life, one must possess wisdom, and it seems that Milton does not place it within Eve’s character, but in Adam’s character, the man. In conclusion, even though a woman can think analytically, she cannot make wise judgements on her own and is susceptible to mistakes and sins, usually brought about by foul temptation.

Modern Technology: Are We Too Dependent? Essay -- Internet Computers E

Modern Technology Are We Too Dependent? Internet and television, the twenty-first century has become consumed by these two relatively new forms of media. Devoting more time to one or both of these two creations than ever before, the American public is rapidly coming in from the outdoors and finding the technological marvels of the twenty-first century. Now more than ever television and internet are a major part of people’s lives. The American Society is straying away from their roots as a nature loving community and becoming a community dependent on technology. If comparing stories told by my father about his childhood to those of mine, just one generation apart, drastic differences would be seen. Stories told by my father were of him and his brothers building forts in the woods, going camping for days with neighborhood friends and playing in the woods all day until my grandmother would call him and his siblings in for dinner. My childhood was quite a bit different. I also grew up spending a great bit of my childhood playing outside with my cousins and friends. Building tree houses, playing in the fall leaves, and all the different games kids play were just a few activities of our childhood days. However unlike my father who said he can remember when the first got a television when he was 6, I grew up with television. So I became curious. I wanted to know if most people my father’s age had the same experiences with televisions. In a survey I conducted to test the two generations. The 40+ age group (parents), and the 15-25 age group (children). The following results were found: In the 40+ age group, as a child: 50% watched an average of 5-6 hours per week 50% watched an average of 7-8 hours per week .. ...our direction† (p. 163). He goes on to say that â€Å"If we’re ever to recapture these fundamental kinds of information, it’s necessary to start by remembering just how divorced from the physical world many of us have become† (p.164). These passages from the essay give the results of survey great support. As time goes on society gets further and further away from their roots. Technology is spreading all across the world. Other countries of the world are devoting just as much time to these new technological marvels as Americans do. It is my belief that before it is all said and done every person in every city across the globe will own a television, and be connected to the internet truly making it a World Wide Web. References McKibben, Bill. Daybreak. In A Forest of Voices:Conversations in Ecology – 2nd Edition (pp. 156-169). Mayfield Publishing Company.

Working Together Story

It was a blustery Wednesday night; the sun was setting and darkness was descending on the public fields. A whistle blew and the boys playing football on the field all gathered round a small bald headed man called Kev Smith. Kev was the manager of a failing boys football team in the Greater Manchester U16'S 4th division. The team hadn't won a game for seven months and were last in the lowest league they could possibly be in. ‘Well done lads' said Kev with his harsh shrill voice, ‘ I have seen some promising things in training tonight and I'm sure if we keep training like that, we'll improve our skills and maybe not lose a game in the foreseeable future†¦ 12 ‘o' clock Sunday, next game†¦it's at home†¦. Be promt' he clapped his hands and the boy's departed, joking and messing about. Kev collected in the balls and poles and got into his car. On his way home, he put his team, (Oldham Fliers), into perspective- he realised his team was appalling. The goalkeeper only played there because he couldn't kick the ball. The defenders are rash and about as pacey as a slug, the midfield couldn't dribble or pass to save their life and the attackers had the flair and finishing of a bus. He laughed to himself, but in his heart he badly wanted his team to get a result one of these days, so they can experience triumph and taste victory. Sunday arrived- a cup game between Oldham fliers and second division leaders Rochdale boys. In the parks changing room, morale was low for Oldham. They're faded red plain shirts looked pathetic and their shorts of all colours looked shabby. ‘Now look lads, just because these lads have fancy kits and are in a higher league, doesn't mean we can't try as hard as them†¦all I want from you is 110 percent.' There was a uneasy pause and everyone looked at the floor ‘Here's today's team†¦ Twiggy, Goal, left Back, Dave Slowmann, right back, Joe Horsmann, centre backs, captain Si Horlock and Andy Fotheringham, midfield, Jason Frog, Jamie Stutterford, Lee Black and Andy Cheffsson an upfront we'll have Chris Gallagher and Paul Howmann.' The team were so unorganised they didn't even have any substitutes! ‘Come on lads lets give this all we've got and put it to them.' The unenthusiastic boys trudged out of the changing room onto the battlefield on which they were about to be conquered. The game ended 11-0 to Rochdale. Oldham played with no commitment and were frail at the best of times, things couldn't get much worse than this for the club. At half-time Kev tried his best to lift the players confidence and get them fired up for the game, but alls Kev could manage to do was warm them up by bringing them back into the changing room for the half-time break. The players ran around laboriously and panicked every time the ball came to one of them. The Oldham players strolled of the pitch and didn't look in the least surprised at the hammering. The clubs morale was also at an all time low and when a team are lacking confidence and morale it is visible by their performances. Kev said to his players while he was getting changed ‘If we want to win, we have to believe we're not beaten before we have even played the game.' Kev left and drove off, leaving the boys to change and talk alone. The silent boys than began to murmur amongst themselves until Andy Fotheringham made him self heard among the other boys, he said to them' Lets put in an extra special effort in training next week for Kev and play with some direction for a change, because we all want to, its†¦ it's†¦ just we don't believe we can, but I'm sure if we all tried and felt more confidence on the ball we could pull together and get a result. The boys started to murmur to each other more loudly and they all decided Andy was right and that they should all have some faith in themselves and try and pull off a result for Kev†¦ who gave up his time, week in, week out. Wednesday night arrived, and the team was warming up and running around the field before Kev arrived. When Kev pulled up at the pitch in his car he was astonished to see his lads doing something constructive instead of what they usually do before training which is throw mud at each other and try to trip each other over. Without saying anything to the boys Kev set up a drill and removed the equipment from the back of his car. The boys were far more accurate than usual when they did shooting practice and in the game at the end of training every single player ran around more and attempted more longer, harder passes and even some players thought up some neat moves and scored some excellent goals! Kev was surprised to say the least at his teams ‘confident' display. He thought to himself ‘what's brought this on?' Kev said ‘Home again on Sunday†¦ 1'o' clock. Lets put all our effort in training to good use in our game on Sunday†¦ all right lads?' Kev packed up the balls and cones and still couldn't believe his teams morale boost. Kev got in his car and drove off, leaving the pitch and hopefully the clubs slump behind him. ‘Same team as last week' said the sub-less once again manager. The words Kev said seemed to echo over the blank changing room walls, Today's fixture was against fellow strugglers in the league Salford all stars C team. ‘Lets show some confidence today lads and get this elusive result.' Without further ado the team left and were warming up on the pitch. It was amazing†¦ 0-0 at half time. Oldham hadn't conceded a goal and even looked dangerous! Every Salford attack was neatly broken down and despatched to a team-mate further up the pitch. Full-time came and Kev was numb from shock. It was the last minute, Lee black made a surging run and whipped in a hopeful looking cross which was rather awkwardly met by the head of Chris Gallagher, the ball skimmed of his head and looped over the advancing keeper and into an open net. The whistle blew and the boys stood still, they didn't know what to do, when it had sunk in they had scored they shouted and ran around pointlessly and even better the last touch the ball got from Chris' head was the final touch of the game and Oldham had ran out 1-0 victors! The disgraced Salford team plodded back in silence to their changing room. In the Oldham changing room the lads were making a hell of a noise chanting some English Anthems like ‘We're going to wembley' and ‘we are the champions' When Kev came in the boys fell silent. ‘For once, today we played as a team who believed in themselves and believe me lads, we played some very attractive football today, we should use this magnificent result as a building block for hopefully many more wins for the club†¦ so lets get ourselves in gear now and take this club into division 3!' said an ecstatic Kev. The boys all agreed with Kev and agreed they should all from now on work more together as a team. 5 years on Oldham Fliers are in division 3 and have attained a respectable league position, and have some talented young players†¦ and yes Kev is still there week in, week out.

Perceptions of African American Women Essay

It was amazing to know that Dr. Mae C. Jemison who happens to be the youngest of three children born to a middle class African American family, Charlie Jemison, a maintenance worker and his wife, Dorothy, a teacher. Dr. Mae C. Jemison was the first black woman astronaut to be in space in an era filled with segregation and racism, she is a Chemical engineer, scientist, physician, teacher and astronaut, she has a wide range of experience in technology, engineering, and medical research. In addition to her extensive background in science, she is well-versed in African and African-American Studies, speaks fluent Russian, Japanese, and Swahili, as well as English and is trained in dance and choreography. Dr. Mae C. Jamison was an inspiration to me, and probably to many African American women. She was full of resilience and determination especially to have reached and achieved success in an unusual field of endeavor for many African American women, I applaud her determination to make a difference among the African American women and blacks in Diaspora. After graduating from Morgan Park High School in 1973 at the age of 16, Dr. Mae Jemison earned a BS in Chemical Engineering from Stanford University, while also fulfilling the requirements for a BA in African-American Studies. After earning these degrees in 1977, she attended Cornell University and received a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1981. During medical school she traveled to Cuba, Kenya and Thailand, providing primary medical care to people living there. This is an indication of her humanitarian efforts and eagerness to reach out to the less privileged population. Having a desire to do more with her life, she enrolled in graduate classes in engineering and applied to NASA for admission to the astronaut program. She was turned down on her first application, maybe because she is a black woman, but she persevered and in 1987 was accepted on her second application. She became one of the fifteen candidates accepted from over 2,000 applicants. When Dr. Mae Jemison successfully completed her astronaut training program in August 1988, she became the fifth black astronaut and the first black female astronaut in NASA history. In completing her first space flight, Dr. Mae Jemison logged 190 hours, 30 minutes, 23 seconds in space, making her the first African-American woman in space. She says, â€Å"I had to learn very early not to limit myself due to others’ limited imaginations. I have learned these days never to limit anyone else due to my limited imagination. † This is an inspiration to other blacks in general who normally assume a second class citizen and believe that they will never do well or will be appreciated in whatever they do. This is a wake-up call, and manifestation of the saying â€Å"Determination is the mother of invention†. In 1993, Dr. Mae Jemison resigned from NASA and founded the Jemison Group, Inc. to research, develop and implement advanced technologies suited to the social, political, cultural and economic context of the individual, especially for the developing world. Current projects include: Alpha, (TM) a satellite based telecommunication system to improve health care in West Africa; and The Earth We Share, (TM) an international science camp for students ages 12 to 16, that utilizes an experiential curriculum. Among her current projects are several that focus on improving healthcare in Africa. She is also a professor of environmental studies at Dartmouth College. Dr. Mae Jamison made a name for herself and name for blacks in general; Her entrepreneurial spirit put her in the limelight and acts as a boost to determined black men and women in Diaspora. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf. It was quite surprising to read about Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, I know almost nothing about this â€Å"giant and queen of modern Africa† who is presently the current president of Liberia. According to what I have read so far about this â€Å"queen of Africa† she was born In Monrovia, the capital of Liberia on October 29, 1938. During this period, Liberians had no clue that the First female president of an African country had been born into their mist. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf is a daughter to descendents of original colonists of Liberia (ex-African slaves from America, who promptly on arrival set about enslaving the indigenous people using the social system of their old American masters as a basis for their new society). These descendents are known in Liberia as Americo-Liberians. From what I read, I noticed that Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf was truly an intellectual power house, a charismatic leader and destined to make a change in Liberia and contribute her quota in Africa. From 1948 to 1955 Ellen Johnson studied accounts and economics at the College of West Africa in Monrovia. After marriage at the age of 17 to James Sirleaf, she travelled to America (in 1961) and continued her studies, achieving a degree from the University of Colorado. From 1969 to 1971 she read economics at Harvard, gaining a masters degree in public administration. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf then returned to Liberia and began working in William Tolbert’s (True Whig Party) government. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf also served as Minister of Finance from 1972 to 73, but left after a disagreement over public spending, this is an indication of her prudence and will power. As the 70s progressed, life under Liberia’s one-party state became more polarized to the benefit of the Americo-Liberian elite. On 12 April 1980 Master Sergeant Samuel Kayon Doe, a member of the indigenous Krahn ethnic group, seized power in a military coup. With the People’s Redemption Council now in power, Samuel Doe began a purge of government. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf narrowly escaped – choosing exile in Kenya. From 1983 to 1985 she served as Director of Citibank in Nairobi. I will say that Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf had a lot of courage, because it was quite unusual for a woman to challenge a dictatorial incumbent president in Africa without being kidnapped, tortured or killed in the process, although She was later sentenced to ten years in prison. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf spent just a short time incarcerated, before being allowed to leave the country once again as an exile. During the 1980s she served as Vice President of both the African Regional Office of Citibank, in Nairobi, and of (HSCB) Equator Bank, in Washington. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf played an active role in the transitional government as the country prepared for the 2005 elections, and eventually stood for president against her rival the ex-international footballer, George Manneh Weah. Despite the elections being called fair and orderly, Weah repudiated the result, which gave a majority to Johnson-Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf eventually became Liberia’s first elected female president, as well as the first elected female president in the continent Africa. . In 2005 She established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission with a mandate to â€Å"promote national peace, security, unity and reconciliation† by investigating more than 20 years of civil conflict in the country and in November 2007, she received the United States Presidential Medal of Freedom, the U.

Promotion of Effective Communication †Workbook Essay

Question  1 Look at your company’s policies and procedures on completing records and maintaining effective communication, what is your role? Answer: I browsed and read my organisation’s policy regarding the service user’s rights and those legislations which promotes equality, diversity, and discrimination. a. Each service user has a right to information regarding their care service that does not discriminate on the basis of race or ethnic origin, creed, colour, religion, political affiliation, disability or impairments, marital status, parenthood, sexual gender or sexual orientation. b. Each service user has the right of access to their personal care records and to comment on them accordingly. Service users have the right to appoint an advocate to make their wishes and preferences known if they are unable to do so. c. Each service user has the right to be assured that no personal or confidential information concerning their affairs will be disclosed to a third party without their express permission. d. Each service user has the right to communicate using their preferred methods of communication and language. When completing records and reports look through your staff hand book or induction pack you were given at work and explain any rules and regulations or policies you need to follow when completing records and reports at work some of which might include: †¢ Records should be completed as soon as possible after the event †¢ Details should be accurate †¢ Details should be relevant †¢ Details should be legible †¢ Details should clearly indicate if it is a fact, opinion or hearsay. Opinions are acceptable as long as it is clearly stated as such. †¢ Always record as little as possible but detailed and as much as necessary. 2, 3, 10, 11 Describe ways that you provide support to individuals to communicate their needs. How might your communication alter with different individuals ? What aids might be used to support effective communication ? Answer: To support individuals and key people to communicate their needs you will need to: a. Arrange the individual’s environment to facilitate effective communication and promote understanding. This can be done by ensuring privacy going into a quiet room, if the area is noisy because of the volume of a radio or television it needs to be reduced. Poor lighting in the room needs to be changed and some more that you can think of. b. As a care worker you need to check that the individual have the appropriate support to communicate their views. This could be making sure the individual who uses glasses and an hearing aid is supported by making sure the glasses is at client’s reach or that hearing aids is switched on and working properly. c. Appropriate styles and methods of communication should be used with respect to the individual. Such as: Active listening – showing be gestures that you are listening, sitting or standing half turned away gives the message that you are not listening. Responding appropriately – nodding your head.  Good body language and maintaining eye contact – Leaning forwards can be used effectively when you want to emphasize your interest or support. The methods that can be used to communicate effectively are: a. Support equality and diversity †¢ This can be done by using appropriate language that the service user understands also using the appropriate register of language, for instance not using phrases that could be referred to as jargon. Another method is to use the appropriate way of speaking within a speech community. For instance communicating with young people may mean using their style of language e.g. what’s up with you, hello mate. †¢ Provision of communication aids and use of non-verbal communication if service user has hearing or vision impairments or learning and physical disabilities. b. Are effective when dealing with, and challenging discrimination †¢ Working with key people demands that you communicate in a language that they understand and also using simple words. For example the use of clinical words that is not commonly understood would not be necessary if you know they are not familiar with them. †¢ Sometimes we come across people who cannot understand us for one reason or the other instead of ignoring them it would be helpful to source a skilled interpreter but we still need to make effort to communicate with the person by learning some of the ways of communication or a few useful words from their language. The methods to support individuals to communicate are: Ensure environment is suitable (lighting, noise background) Provide interpreter if necessaryAllow sufficient time for individuals to understand the content of communication. Use relevant aids for communication (e.g. cards, symbols, hearing aids, large print) Provide advocate to speak for a service user Ensure written material is in suitable formats or language. Specific aids that may be used to support effective communication : Aided communication is communication supported or replaced by materials or equipment. There are simple materials or equipment used everyday such as a pen and paper to write messages, alphabet charts, pictures or symbols or photographs. Communication aids can be categorized into 3 broad groups: Symbolic Aids This is commonly the use of signs and symbols, it requires individuals to undertake a form of training on the correct forming of signs used and types of symbols: †¢ British Sign Language – used as a communication aid for individual with hearing loss. †¢ Makaton – used as an aid to support speech and not intended to replace it. †¢ Picture Exchange communication systems (PEC) – This aid helps individuals to be independent as they able to exchange a picture for what they want from a compiled album of pictures. †¢ Deaf – Blind manual alphabets – Slightly modified version of the BSL. Finger- spelling alphabet is used. Technical Aids †¢ Talking microwaves – usually for individuals with sight loss †¢ Computers – which read out the text on the screen. †¢ Light writer – this is a portable device into which the individual types in what they would want to say. Human Aids †¢ Interpreter – is a person who supports the communication between two people who do not have the same language. This also includes the sign language. †¢ Translator – is a person who changes the written word into an easier format for the individual to read. This could be into Braille or symbols. †¢ Advocate – This is someone who speaks on behalf of an individual when they are not able to do so. 4, 5, 19 In relation to the promotion of effective communication, give examples of what you do to maintain the following laws and guidelines: a) Data Protection Act b) Access to Health Records Act c) The General Social Care Council Code of Conduct d) Standard 37 National Minimum Standards for Care Homes e) Caldicott Report Answer: a) To maintain Data Protection Act it is necessary to complete the records as soon as possible after the event and always record as little as possible but detailed and as much as necessary; to make sure that the details are accurate, relevant and legible and that they clearly indicate if it’s a fact, opinion or hearsay. Another important thing is that opinions are acceptable as long as it is clearly stated as such. The information shared by the individuals must be confidential to ensure data protection. In case that the information suggests that the client is under risk, the consent of the individual needs to be obtained before passing the information to an appropriate member of the staff, and even when the consent is not given it becomes important to report. b) To maintain the Access to Health Records Act I have to make sure that the records are accurate, legibly written, shareable so that the information can be used to provide individuals with the support and care required. The  members of a care team are fully informed of new developments and changes in a client’s care plan and the evidence of the actions taken in specific circumstances are available if the need arises. I can access information and records about an individual by: talking to the service user, accessing previous records after permission has been sought from the appropriate person, talking to colleagues who know the individual, to family members or to other professionals c) To maintain The General Social Care Council Code of Conduct, as a social care worker, I must establish and ensure the confidence of service users and carers. This includes: communicating in an appropriate, open, accurate and straightforward way; respecting confidential information and clearly explaining agency policies about confidentiality to service users and carers. I must be accountable for the quality of my work, I have to maintain clear and accurate records required by procedures established for my work. 6,7 Where can you find out about an individuals communication and language needs, information about communication and language skills to improve your practice ? Answer: I can find out about an individuals communication and language needs by asking my manager or the service user, discussing with other care workers who know the individual, talking to family members, to a speech therapist or other professionals for advice, exploring the internet or consulting a library for more information. In order to improve my practice, I can find out about information, communication and language skills by asking my supervisor or manager, or colleagues who have confronted with similar cases. I can also consult the case notes of the individual, or relevant documents provided by the organization that will help me learn how to communicate effectively – for example the induction manuals, search for information via the internet or specialist organizations for the particular condition, attend relevant training courses to communication, supervision and appraisal sessions. 9  What factors may affect communication skills, abilities and behaviour of an individual ? How may they react as a result of these factors? Answer: Factors that can affect communication skills, abilities and behaviour of an individual are: – Physical Impairments – visual and hearing – Language barriers – accents, different language – Cognitive or sensory impairments – learning difficulties, memory loss, – Illness – dementia, stroke – Environmental problems – poor lighting, noisy environments If this happens, the individual in question becomes withdrawn from others around them, isolated from others. This may affect his self-esteem and self-confidence negatively. That individual may also become confused, angry and frustrated. 12  If you were trying to have a conversation with an individual how would you arrange the environment and position yourself to communicate effectively? Answer: First of all, I have to make sure that there isn’t any background noise that could make the communication difficult. Then, another important step to achieve effective communication with individuals is arranging the environment to aid communication. Here are some factors that can hinder or disturb good communication: – Poor lighting, because individuals with poor sight are unable to see you – Background noise from the radio, other individuals, TV and so on – Obstacles between me, the care worker, and the individual, for example furniture and household items – Insufficient distance to keep appropriate space within me and the individual to avoid encroaching or invading on their personal space 13, 14  Describe some conflicts that might occur as a result of communication difficulties. How would you deal with these conflicts? Answer: Some of the conflicts that might occur as a result of communication difficulties are: individuals can become frustrated and isolated when the  communication between themselves and their workers is encountering problems. These problems or dilemmas are sometimes the result of: – a difference in the language spoken by the service user and the worker – the service user has visual impairments or hearing difficulties – the individual might have a physical illness or disability – either physical disability or learning disability. There are many ways to solve the conflicts that might occur. It depends on the nature of the problem. For example, for: †¢ Language differences: If there are conflicts due to language differences, then an interpreter will be appropriate for any serious discussions or communications. Efforts should be made to learn a few important words to communicate with the individual or teach the individual some words in the workers language if they are willing to facilitate communication. Non verbal communication will be an effective method in solving this kind of conflict. †¢ Hearing difficulties: Individual with hearing difficulties need to be assisted to ensure their hearing aids are working and fitted properly. It would be necessary that a worker will assist the individual to clean the equipment, change the batteries when appropriate. Workers will also need to give the client the appropriate space and communication pace that would make communication effective. If the need arises words can be written down for clarity. The use of signs and telecommunication services such as type talk service are very useful. †¢ Visual difficulties: Individual with visual difficulties need to be provided with glasses or contact lenses so they can observe non verbal communication. This will prevent misunderstandings during communication with people. †¢ Physical disabilities: Communications with individuals in this category will be according to the type of physical disability or illness. If the illness has affected the individual’s ability to speak and understand, for instance a stroke then the use of short, simple sentences, gestures, writing and drawing or using flash cards, the use of closed questions which only need â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† should be useful. †¢ Some illness do not affect the client’s understanding, so there is no need to speak slowly but will need to be patient to receive a response as the client might have difficulty with their speech e.g. stroke. †¢ Learning disabilities: The method of communication will depend on the level of the disability. I will need to communicate at the pace and space suitable for the client. Physical contacts are of an advantage to be used along with  verbal communication. †¢ Cultural differences: People have different cultural backgrounds, therefore it is necessary to find out from the individuals their communication preferences or alternatively check their care plan records o r ask people such as their family, friends, colleagues or key people who have worked with them. 15, 16  When communicating difficult, sensitive or complex messages, how might your style of communication alter? What type of environment would be most appropriate for this sort of communication ? Answer: Communicating with individuals who are distressed or upset due to bereavement this could be sensitive, complex or difficult. In this situation, I will ask if the person would want to discuss any concerns with me or maybe another person of their choice. I can use non verbal communication while been a good listener such as making good eye contact with the individual as she talks, which will depict that I’m willing to listen. If the client is displaying a behaviour that dictates that they are able to put others or themselves at risk, then I might need to involve the attention of appropriate members of the care team. For this sort of communication, the environment must be comfortable and appropriate. I would come across times when I need to discuss matters with individuals that are referred to as sensitive issues. If an individual needs to discuss his personal needs with me, I have to ensure that he feels comfortable and encouraged to communicate these issues. On the other hand, I might want to discuss with the service user about their changing needs such as diet, incontinence, mobility and so on. Communicating bad news, like a bereavement of a spouse or close person to the individual will also require certain communication skills. The things that should take into account are: †¢ Remember individuals have a right to their privacy, therefore the immediate environment should be arranged to ensure privacy. For example a client’s bedroom or apartament should be free from visitors at the time. †¢ Individual’s preferred method of communication should be made available. †¢ Communication should be made at the pace of the individual, giving enough time for both of us to understand the content of the communication. †¢ Observe and respond appropriately to reactions fromà ‚  individuals. 17  Who do you need to gain permission from to access records and why ? Answer: I need to gain permission of my manager or client to access records. Accessing information will help me to improve my practice and also my responsibility. Within the organization there should be relevant documents to access information or if I work with individuals in their own home the care plan should contain useful information. 18  Define the following words: a) Fact b) Opinion c) Judgement Why is it important that you aware of the difference of these words when reporting and recording information about individuals ? Answer: a) A fact is a true statement that cannot be disputed, knowledge or information based on real occurrences; something demonstrated to exist or known to have existed. b) An opinion is a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty- it is the result of emotion or interpretation of facts, a subjective statement or thought about an issue or topic. An opinion may be supported by an argument, although people may draw opposing opinions from the same set of facts. c) A judgement is a cognitive process of reaching a decision or drawing conclusions. Judgments are also personal and developed from experience; they differ from person to person. For example, if a client is dying and all the symptoms and signs show the evidence, reports and records should show these facts. On the other hand if the client only refused to talk, people might have different opinions and judgments to explain the reason. Records and reports will need to be verified to deduce the correct and most suitable reason. It is important to aware of the difference of these words when reporting and recording information about individuals because I have the responsabiliy to provide seamless services for individuals, and this thing can be done only if the  information is correct, precise.