Essay --

The War of 1812, which is also called the second state of war for independence is really important because this is where our freedom, self-reliance and democracy was earned. In this war, the great Britain and America tried to protect their land and fought for their country. Compared to the other wars like World War II, not many people died, plainly it certainly brought some changes and even the beginning of the new America. How did the war start? In 1803, Britain was involved in some situations with France. At this time, the Emperor of France was Napoleon Bonaparte. later on, Britain and France was in a war. American people traded their goods with France further Britain s big topped it. This became a problem for Americans because they had to stop in Britain first and do whatever the British generals demanded. The British treated Americans as if they were still under their control. After few months, they created new treaties, in which Americans could not trade with Eu rope, unless they were English ships. Other causes of the war were the impressments of the American sailors and the Britishs help for the Indians. Every year, British lost thousands of sailors. They thought that if they will lose the battles at sea, then they would definitely lose the war. Then, they started to impress American sailors to be in the British Royal navy. If any of the American sailors refused to do what the British said, then British army attacked their ships. Third reason was that the Indian warfare on the frontier. Indian people alliances from Alabama to Canada with the Britishs help. They gave the Indian people the supplies to fight against americans, so that America could not expand. In 1810, two war hawks named tail end C Calhoun and Henry Clay stood up for the wa... ...ough, women got paid less than men, they still received some status. Shipping goods was a huge problem before and during the war, but it was solved by the improvements in the transportation syste m. This system helped the goods to reach faster at its destination. There were more railroads, steam ships, which carried goods to other states, turnpikes, and canals which allowed everything to work at a much faster pace than it used to.Overall, the war of 1812 brought us freedom and liberty. The nation, for which all of the soldiers fought, was recognized as a great, free and independent land. This war helped Americans to realize that they can protect their country if they get threatened by foreign countries. Americans started to settle their western country. Shipbuilding and commerce flourished. The United States began to rise to the top position of a worlds power.

A Lesson before Dying by Ernest J. Gaines Essay -- A Lesson before Dyi

A Lesson before Dying, one of Ernest J. Gaines later works, was written in 1993. Some of his earlier works include A Gathering of Old hands and In My Fathers House. The novel covers a time period when blacks were still treated unfairly and looked down upon. Jefferson, a main character, has been wrongly impeach of a crime and awaits his execution in jail. concede, the storys main protagonist must go steady it within himself to help Jefferson see that he is a man, which will allow him to walk bravely to his fate that lies in the execution chair. A Lesson before Dying captures the tale of a young teacher, who by service another mistakenly finds his own soul. This paper explains the literary background of Gaines, facts about the novel, literary criticism, film reviews, social issues of the time, and a personal analysis of the cinema.The story begins with a trial of Jefferson being accused of murder. During the trial his lawyer calls him a hog that is not even worthy of the death p enalty. Ultimately Jefferson is sentenced to death by electrocution. During the weeks interest Miss Emma, who is Jeffersons nanan, wishes for Grant Wiggins, a young schoolteacher to speak with Jefferson and make him understand that he is a man. Although Grant refuses he is forced to go by Tante Lou, his aunt and a good friend of Miss Emmas. Upon their first few visits Jefferson is cold towards Grant and Miss Emma, obviously believing he is a hog, as the attorney has stated. He refuses food offered by his nanan, saying that food aint for hogs. After Frequent visits, Jefferson begins to open himself up to Grant and speak about his feelings. in one case Jefferson trusts Grant he is competent to realize that he is a man and not a worthless hog. Through helping Jefferson become a man, Grant has done his own unconscious soul searching which has helped him find who he is, and has found him a place with God. Ernest J. Gaines was an African American writer who was born on January 15, 1933 in Oscar, Louisiana. Although Gaines schooling was limited to a few classes, he attended at San Francisco State and Stanford University he was able to become a distinguished writer of his time. A few of his most recognized works include The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pitman and In My Fathers House. Gaines grew up on a farm where he helped his family by working in the fields where he was paid only $.50 a day. Whe... ...The turning point was when Jefferson opened up to Grant and he was able to convince him that he was not a hog, but a man. I also believe it was the most moving scene of the movie. All the emotions that were put into spoken language in the book came to keep in the movie. Overall I thought that the movie was a very good interpretation of the novel. It is very rare to find a movie that follows the book so precisely. I think that even if I had not read the book I would have understood the movie well enough to follow along and understand Gaines message. I thought it was very moving, especially being able to see the characters of the book come to life in the movie. In conclusion, Ernest J. Gaines presents to us, the reader, a story about mans ability to triumph over lifes obstacles when sometimes faced with jolting realities. For Grant, it was helping Jefferson to realize who he was, that gave him the strength to find himself. Sometimes the answers to lifes problems are not unendingly cut and dry. The solutions can not always be seen clearly, but it is important to never give up. It is in the worst times when we must look to ourselves and examine who we are in order to attain and carry on.

The Use of Language in A Fable for Tomorrow by Rachel Carson Essay exam

The Use of Language in A Fable for Tomorrow by Rachel CarsonThe extracts give the impression of stark contrast, evencontradictions, from the very beginning. The author chooses to use theword fable in the title, which, traditionally, is something fictionaland also usually refers to the past and nevertheless this is coupled withtomorrow. This indicates that the author is looking to show thereader that, although the situation she refers to in the secondextract may not be factual in its entirety, it may not be long beforeit is.Carson uses graphical descriptions to convey the idea of harmony andpeacefulness in the first paragraph white clouds of bill driftedabove the green fields. The author uses all of the senses to invitethe reader to picture the scene more vividly. Carson uses languagethat suggests she has seen the subject matter on some(prenominal) occasions andknows it well, she describes how the scene changes from spring toautumn oak and maple and birch set up a blaze of colour a nd then towinter dried weeds rising above the snow. Carsons detaileddescrip...

Human Trafficking Essay -- Ethical Issues, Gang, Mafia

An ounce of cocaine, wholesale $1 ,200. You can sell it only once. A cleaning lady or child is $50 to $1,000 but you can sell her each day, every day, over and over and over again. The markup is immeasurable. (Human Trafficking) says David Sutherland who plays Bill Meechan an ICE agent in Lifetimes movie Human Trafficking. The buying and selling of humans is an age old issue that has dated as far back as 1750 B.C. Although slavery is ill-gotten in the United States, we still see it happening in our own towns and cities all through America. Each year there are over 20,000 adult female and children illegally imported across the United States borders for domestic and sex slavery. Laws, some new, and m whatsoever that have been around for hundreds of years, have been passed and approved by congress to cheer our natural rights. In order to alleviate instances of human trafficking and sex slavery, society as a whole must demand that government be harsher, more diplomatic and aggressi ve to fight this special evil (Landesman 1), as chairwoman Bush referred to it. There needs to be more money in the pass of immigration and naturalization to control our borders better, and more government funding in commandment to raise awareness of human trafficking for our own protection and for the protection of individuals Kevin Bales, President of Free the Slaves (a nonprofit organization to support the victims of human trafficking) estimates that today there are over 20,000 women and children annually trafficked across United States borders. It is said that at any given time there are an estimated 30,000-50,000 people being held in captivity in the United States (Landesman 4). The women and children that are bound into this sick and tw... ...nd children trafficked across the world. At any given time there are over 30,000 victims of this special evil. Just the amount of women stuck in captivity within the United States is more than the amount trafficked worldwide. This is a n unbelievable problem socially, economically, and morally. These women are tortured, mentally and physically, daily for as long as they can last in this entrapment. Each year there is an Mease 8 -, estimated 7 billion dollars earned in shadow market. This money is used for drugs, gangs, mafia, violence, and other types of domestic slavery. AIDS and many other diseases are besides spread because of this issue. There is absolutely nothing positive that could ever come from human trafficking. Together citizens and authorities of government can combat this problem with the tools of education and government funding.

Free College Essays - Nature in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner :: Rime Ancient Mariner

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner genius   "Look out Below" - Craaack more or less 15 Men and women turn their glances toward the sky, and see a large, perhaps 100 feet, tree falling to the ground. As the tree hits the solid earth, everything grows very quiet. All seem at the lumberjack, who killed this tree, and find him weeping in sorrow. This situation is not uncommon when dealing with Nature. Nature, as simple as it seems to some, generates great power. This power is sent to us, as nature forgives only after a physical, emotional, and spiritual suffering. "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" helps implement all these teachings together. In current times, this power continues to teach us of forgiveness.   With physical suffering, the power of nature shows us forgiveness many ways. In the story, the mariner betrays nature "I shot the albatross" This action against nature is instead extreme, for he takes lightly to this thought of death. The Albatross, as a representative of nature, means nothing to the Mariner. These thoughts are quickly changed, though, as Nature begins to start the self-abasement leading towards forgiveness - "Water, water, everywhere nor any drop to drink." When "the mariner begins to find his salvation when he begins to look on the slimy things as creatures of strange beauty" (Fraser 203), he understands the Albatross was a symbol of nature and he realized what he had done wrong. The mariner is forgiven after sufficient penance - "We could not speak" - is performed by Nature. Nature shows us more strength as we realize that people of today often can not forgive someone who has shot or killed some other person.   At a spiritual level, Natures power can decide if we will live, or be condemned. Nature is capable of presenting "innermost suffering" (Coburn 33) upon people. The mariners suffering include having his "soul in agony" soon afterwards. After attempts at prayer and realization of what he has done - "I looked to heaven and tried to pray", his penance to forgiveness begins spiritually. The mariner releases the weight of the crime greatly at the "moment he could pray".

Free College Essays - Nature in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner :: Rime Ancient Mariner

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Nature   "Look out Below" - Craaack About 15 work force and women turn their glances toward the sky, and see a large, perhaps 100 feet, tree falling to the ground. As the tree hits the solid earth, everything grows very quiet. All look at the lumberjack, who killed this tree, and adjust him weeping in sorrow. This situation is not uncommon when dealing with Nature. Nature, as simple as it seems to some, generates great tycoon. This power is sent to us, as nature forgives exactly after a physical, emotional, and spiritual suffering. "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" helps implement all these teachings together. In current times, this power continues to teach us of forgiveness.   With physical suffering, the power of nature shows us forgiveness many ways. In the story, the pitch betrays nature "I shot the Albatross" This action against nature is rather extreme, for he takes light to this thought of death. The Albatross, as a representative of nature, means nothing to the Mariner. These thoughts are quickly changed, though, as Nature begins to start the penance leading towards forgiveness - "Water, water, all over nor any drop to drink." When "the mariner begins to find his salvation when he begins to look on the slimy things as creatures of strange beauty" (Fraser 203), he understands the Albatross was a token of nature and he realized what he had done wrong. The mariner is forgiven after sufficient penance - "We could not speak" - is performed by Nature. Nature shows us more than strength as we realize that people of today often can not forgive someone who has shot or killed another person.   At a spiritual level, Natures power can decide if we will live, or be condemned. Nature is capable of presenting "innermost suffering" (Coburn 33) upon people. The mariners suffering included having his "soul in agony" soon afterwards. After attempts at prayer and realization of what he has done - "I looked to heaven and tried to pray", his penance to forgiveness begins spiritually. The mariner releases the weight of the crime greatly at the "moment he could pray".

Is life in prison without parole better than the death penalty? Essay

This is it, this is the last time you will ever see daylight again. The dim light of the outside world seems to be overtaken by shadows. You squeeze your look shut, and then everything goes dark. That is the death penalty. What exactly is the death penalty? In the dictionary, it is defined as, the sentence of death upon a person by the state as a penalty for an offense. What the death penalty itself serves is retri howeverion and revenge. Many believe that this is the right way to punish criminals in society, although there are many faults with cap punishment as well. Those faults consist of errors in the system, state costs, and the risks of executions of innocent people. Life in prison without release is break-dance than the death penalty where the death penalty is the world in in merelyice and it is immoral.People supporting the death penalty often argue that capital punishment is required non only for retributive reasons but rather to prevent the taking of innocent lives. Cass R. Sunstein, Professor of Law at Harvard University Law School, and Adrian Vermeule, another professor at Harvard Law School said A leading national study suggests that each execution prevents some eighteen murders on average. What my question is, how does taking away a criminals life prevent a life of an innocent being taken away? Killing a culprit does not prevent murders from happening, because there are still killers outside of jail. termination row does not prevent homicide happening in the outside world. The death penalty is no more effective in deterring others than life sentences. Life without parole also prevents reoffending. It means what it says, spending the rest of your life locked up, retireing youll never be free. Leading up to my succeeding(a) point, life without parole costs little than the death penalty.The death penalty is much more expensive than life without parole. It requires a long process for capital cases, which is needed in order to demand sure t hat innocent individuals are not executed for crimes they did not commit. If the death penalty was replaced with a sentence of life without parole, which costs millions of dollars less, a lot of silver could be savedfor useful necessities. The millions of dollars could be spent on education, roads, programs, and more. Capital punishment is time consuming and expensive than the typical crime cases. Speaking of the innocent, my next point, an innocent person serving life can be released from death row.The system can make tragic mistakes. According to the editorial There is No Humane Execution, since 1973, 139 people have been released from death row because they were proven innocent said by the Death Penalty Information Center. Well never know for sure how many people have been executed for crimes they didnt commit. DNA is rarely available in homicides, often irrelevant and cant set about we wont execute innocent people. A number of innocent people have had to been put to death, whi ch contradicts with the align meaning of justice. Leading to my final point, that capital punishment is immoral and is foundation of injustice.It is barbaric that people siding with capital punishment consider it moral. If anything, death penalty contradicts the true meaning of justice. In the clause Is Life in Prison without Parole a Better Option than Death Penalty? John P. Conrad, former Chief of Center for Crime saloon and Rehabilitation at the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice said I hold that the execution of the most contemptible murderer conflicts with the true functions of retributive justice- the repudiation of evil done and the prospective reconciliation of the criminal with the community he has wronged. Capital punishment is immoral and unfair and discriminatory in practice. No one deserves to die. In civilized society, we reject the principle of literally doing to criminals what they do to their victims. For instance, if the culprits crime was rape, his punishment cannot literally be rape. We shouldnt punish the murderer with death. Capital punishment shows what an uncivilized and immoral society we are.The sentence of capital punishment is a barbaric action for punishment a criminal. Murder is unacceptable by society, yet people seem to approve killing criminals. Sentencing a criminal to death does not solve the questions and problems left behind, it just creates controversy. Capital punishment is wrongly practiced and immoral and the wrong way to punishcriminals. Life in prison without parole is a much better option, whereas capital punishment is just a way to seek revenge on the individual who would rather have the darkness of a solitary than not to see the dark at all.

Security Cameras

Security Cameras have become widespread in many countries. Whereas before they appe atomic number 18d only in banks and at the high security areas, they are now entering public places such as malls, streets, stadiums and transport. Many people teel this attects their privacy. Apparently, there are advantages and disadvantages to the use of such devices. watchfulness cameras have several benefits. An obvious benefit Is that the police can catch criminals in the act, thus reduce crimes. This allow make the streets safer for ordinary people.A more beta show up is that criminals, particularly young offenders or petty criminals will be deterred. They will not be tempted to carry out crimes, and thus society will be a lot safer. Cameras are cost-effective and unobtrusive. Authorities do not affect to spend large amounts of money on police. However, security cameras are far from being a perfect solution. The biggest objection concerns privacy. Many people feel that they should be free to travel or move around a shop, a mall, a street or a country without being photographed or recorded.They feel that being watched constantly Is Ilke being In Jail. Another point is that although the police say that only criminals have something to fear from the cameras, many people do not trust governments with too much information. Corrupt authorltles could use teaching In the wrong way or twist It to vlctlmlze some groups. Thirdly, cameras and computers can make mistakes. In conclusion, although there are definite advantages to using surveillance devices, we need to balance the need tor security with respect tor individuals privacy and treedom.

Macro and Micro Environmental Analysis of Waitrose Supermarkets

WAITROSE ASSIGNMENT admittance TO MARKETING MARKET RESEARCH CONTENTS INTRODUCTION giving ENVIRONMENT POLITICAL - ECONOMICAL - SOCIAL - TECHONOLGICAL- ENVIRONMENTAL- MICRO ENVIRONMENT SUPPLIERS- INTERMEDIARIES-FINANCIAL GOVERNMENT THE COMPANY- EMPLOYEES- CUSTOMERS COMPETITORS- MEDIA- PUBLICS- SWOT ANALYSISCONCLUSION APPENDIX BIBLYOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION The food retail perseverance in the United Kingdom is an extremely competitive market. The major(ip)(ip) thespians in the application all buzz off trem displaceous get power and atomic number 18 constantly fighting to increase market sh ar. Like any other constancy though they be affected and f twistors which be both within their control as head as prohibitedface.In this report we allow first be focalizationing on the macro environment of the UK supermarket industry where we will re turn over external issues such as politics, economy, technological, social/demographic and environmental factors. From this analysis we passel gain insight into how supermarkets react to alterations that are beyond their control and how they can often turn these changes into business opportunities. The second part of this report will be looking at the supermarket chain Waitrose. by means of this we analyse the micro environment whereby we look at factors such as suppliers, intermediaries, financial, goernment, the society, guests, employees, adversarys, media, and humanss. The micro environment is what takes up a follow and all aspects must trial efficiently and momentively for a business to succeed. Based on the findings of the Waitrose micro environment we are then able to evaluate the companies strengths and weaknesses as well as their opportunities and threats. MACRO ENVIRONMENT Political The supermarket industry is affected by many varying political factors.New legislation and decisions from Governing bodies that regu advanced the industry propose to ensure that all business within the empyrean is c onducted fairly and with the economy suppliers and consumers best interest in mind. Most legislation on food standards originates from the European Commission which consolidates legislation across the EU. The Competition Commission, a non departmental governing body, are responsible for investigating mergers, markets and inquiries related to regulated industries under competition right (Competition Commission No bodyguard),.Competition Law which was introduced in 1998 promotes healthy competition, and bans anticompetitive agreements between firms such as agreements to fix outlays or to carve up markets, and it makes it illegal for businesses to ridicule a dominant market position (Office of Fair Trading, 2007). In 2009 the Competition Commission issued an amended and improved Grocery Supply Code of Practice (GSCOP) with hopes of providing great security to suppliers. To divine service regulate legislation and the GSCOP an independent financial ombudsman was established in 2010 to resolves problems between retailers and suppliers (Sourceuk 2009).When a supermarket wishes to build or extend a direct a competition test would be carried out on the retailer and an assessment made to ensure that local shops dont lose out to the outsize chain supermarkets domination an entire area (Competition Commission 2009). Price fixing is illegal under the competition act of 1998. When participants on the same side of the market (such as the big 4 in the UK supermarket sector) agree to sell a dish out, product or commodity at a fixed toll its the consumers who must pay while retailers and suppliers reap the benefits. on that point are extremely heavy penalties for value fixing in the UK You can be fined, change from being a director or even sent to prison (Business Link No battle). Minimum wage laws will always affect supermarkets as generally many of their faculty would be paid minimum wage. Under the National Minimum Wage toy of 1998 all employers must pay thei r employees a certain amount per hour as set by the UK establishment. The main rate of National Minimum Wage which applies to workers aged 22 and over and is before long ? 5. 80 per but will raise ? 5. 93 in 2010 (Directgov 2010).There are many laws in the UK and EU which are designed to protect the environment. merely there are two main Acts which were made to consolidate as many issues as possible, these are the Environmental trade protection Act 1990 and the Environment Act 1995 (Hartshorne. J,1996). DEFRA is the UK administration deputation which is responsible for setting legislation and guidance on a number of environmental issues (DEFRA, No Date). Some important legislation which applies to supermarkets include laws on waste and recycling, genetic modification, and Climate vary which are all covered under these acts. Office of Public Sector Information No Date) stinting The economic situation at any given time will always affect market conditions. As the economy cont inually fluctuates between periods of economic growth and periods of relative stagnation (also kn ingest as an economic cycle) factors such as changes to interest rates, exchange rates, inflation and purchasing power will like a shot and indirectly affect the supermarket industry (Tutor2u, No Date) In 2008 the UK had entered the recession stage of the economic cycle. bet rates dropped from 5% to 0. % in an effort to increase consumer disbursement (Mintel 2009, Market Re-forecasts sustenance UK). And while this would initially appear to be a gain for supermarkets, other factors of the recession such as wide spread unemployment and bankruptcies truism this sector of the market having to revise their marketing strategies in methodicalness to weather these changes to the economy (Mintel 2009, Market Re-forecasts nutrient UK). In 2009 trading was d birth with consumers eating slight form meals and opting for own brand rather than premium products (Mintel 2009, food Retailin g UK Broader Market Environment).This is just one of the many changes to consumer purchasing that changed and will continue to change as the economy tries to recover. According to The Office of National Statistics (2010) unemployment dropped by 33000 since then end of 2009 and the economy grew by 0. 1% a possible indication of the UK soft emerging from the recession (BBC News 2010). However this will be the beginning of a recovery which could take at to the lo watt degree another two long time. As interest rates even-tempered remain at an all time low of 0. % (BBC News 2009) supermarkets will come to promise an increase in outlay from consumers as their confidence in the market returns (Mintel 2009, Market Re-forecasts Food UK). Inflation has only become a recent issue in the UK economy. Rising terminate prices, a few poor harvests and the weakness of the sterling has seen inflation accelerate between 2006 and 2008 (Mintel 2009, Food Retailing UK Broader Market Environmen t) (Appendix 1). The implications of this for supermarkets are that it erodes the purchasing power of silver which in turn means the price of imported good will rise.However a positive result of rising inflation, which at times reached over 10% also, meant that food price increases boosted gross revenue value (Mintel 2009, Food Retailing UK The Market In Context). A trend for nodes trading down rather than reduce quantity enables sales value to rise fast enough to cover cost growth (Mintel 2009, Food Retailing UK Sector Size and Forecast). The recession as a unit of measurement has had a very mixed effect on the supermarket industry. At the beginning of the recession in 2008 consumers drastically cut back on purchases from retailers such as Waitrose and label and Spencer.However by December 2009 Waitrose was the fastest growing supermarket chain while Aldi was on the decline. This is call backd to be payable to more overpriced supermarkets introducing own brand products in to their stores and selling them at a unhorse price to their standard products ( pop 2010, Food Industry Industry Overview). Social It is essential for supermarkets to understand the accredited sociocultural environment as any changes will affect their clients needs and wants. (Brassington & Pettitt 2006)According to Mintel (2009) the ageing nation will switch a negative effect on the supermarket industry with there already being more retired people than children, with this level set to increase (Appendix 2). This will affect the industry as sr. people tend to eat and drink a lot less than their younger counterparts but also treat themselves less as well. This decline in basket size will have long term effects for the industry over time as they are less efficient to service and require more rung (Mintel 2009, Food Retailing Broader Market Environment)A worrying trend which has emerged in the last several years has been the increase in obesity among children and adults in the UK with 60% of the UK population being overweight (Office of National Statistics, Health and Social Care, 2010) Poor quality convenience foods, labour-saving technology, increased car intention and more people doing sedentary jobs are just some of the reason the country is getting bigger. However despite this increase in obesity the U. K population on a whole is far more health conscious than in previous years (Keynote 2010, Food Industry Industry Overview).There has been a trend away from genetically modified foods towards organic foods and an increased the customer desire for healthy alternatives. The government and other health organisations are operative with supermarkets and manufacturers to help consumers make healthier choices when obtain. (Keynote 2010, Food Industry curse word Analysis). According to the National Office for Statistics (2010) The UK population is increasing at an alarming rate with figures wake the population of the United Kingdom to be at 61383000 i n 2008.This is up 0. 7 per cent since mid 2007. Increases in births, decreases in death and a kinky rise in migration to the United Kingdom have all contributed to the change in population (Office of National Statistics, Population Estimates 2010) Statisticians have said that at least(prenominal) 70 per cent of the population rise over the next 20 years will be attributable directly to immigration (Office of National Statistics, Migration 2010). The supermarket industry needs to reflect the needs of the changing population.With more people with different cultural backgrounds residing in England it is essential that the needs of these overbold consumers are being met by supermarkets in order to retain market share (Keynote, Food Retailing UK 2009) The over powering proposition of the everything under one roof format has been a major factor in the demise of the small independent grocer, butcher and fountain grocer in recent times thus replacing the risque street as the focal poi nt of community life (IGD 2009, Non-Food Retailing).Declining meal preparation consequent to demographic changes such as an increasing number of single-person households and working women is forcing UK retailers are to focus on added-value products such as the booming food-to-go sector (Keynote 2010, Food Industry PEST Analysis).. These demographic changes have also affected consumer work patterns with retailers modifying aspects of the customer shopping experience to accommodate changing lifestyles. Supermarkets are now flexible in opening hours as well as adding extras such as Thursday late night shopping and free parking facilities (Keynote 2010, Food Industry Industry Overview).The recession in the UK has changed the populations attitude towards the foods they purchase. Britons have developed a sophisticated customer preferences and strikes for greater choice and comfort in the shopping experience but for lower prices. Supermarket own brand products have been on the ply as t heir invests often contribute great value for quality products. (Keynote 2010, Food Industry PEST Analysis). Technological Recent technological advances have enabled supermarkets to provide customers with a quicker, easier and more enjoyable shopping experience.In recent years we have seen the introduction of online shopping, self ensure outs, product scanning and forecast technology which has changed the dynamics of how people shop. One of the most influential technological changes to happen to the supermarket industry in the past few years has been the introduction of internet shopping. The online grocery market is currently worth ? 4,4 billion having doubled in the past 4 years (Mintel 2009 Online Grocery Retailing) and is set to reach ? 7. 2 billion buy 2014 agree to research industry analyst IDG (Appendix 3).This is a major unused opportunity for retailers and the UK offers a good market for this with the broad(prenominal)est percentage of people online across the EU (J ust Food 2009). New scanning device designed to be used by shoppers to scan products as they shop and then simply paying at a self serve checkout using the scanned date are a new introduction to the industry. Scales are then used at point of payment to weigh shopping against weight data which is provided when the product is scanned. This ensures much shorter queuing times for customers (Waitrose 2010)New communication technology such as the introduction of scanners which provide price labels and barcodes for any stock that needs to be reduced has enabled more sophisticated store management. The scanners minimise unsold food as well as check out productivity, which saves time and reduces waste. (Retail Systems 2010) Advances in forecasting software such as that developed by SAS and purchased by Waitrose in 2006 will help forecast demand for product establish on the history of the item, casual variables, events and holidays. (SAS 2006)The introduction of self check outs into supermar kets has bought many advantages to both the supermarket sector and its customers. This technology allows customer to scan barcodes on their won items thus eliminating interaction with supermarket employees. While they are a relatively new concept, having only become wide spread in 2003 they have been true as a faster, more efficient and private way to shop. Through self check out systems supermarkets are also able to reduce staff requirements and save money (Goliath 2005) EnvironmentWith the environment becoming an important topic over the last several years it has been essential for supermarkets to meet the demands of both the Government and their customers with regards to addressing environmental issues. This has proved to be both a challenge as well as a business opportunity for the major players in the industry, who filter to try and reposition themselves as leaders in responsible sourcing, mystifyability, climate change issues and recycling (Donohue. A 2007). Climate change is one of the greatest challenges set about the world today.The UK government has a long term plan to reduce emissions by 80% by 2050 (Department of Energy and Climate Change A low gear Carbon UK 2008). The Climate Change Bill and the Committee on Climate Change influence have raised consumer awareness of climate change which mould fight downure on the supermarket industry to meet their environmental obligations (Department of Energy and Climate Change Legislation 2008). Many UK supermarkets are now part of a government initiative known as the Waste and Re seeded players Action Programme ( revolve). WRAP works with the food industry is an effort to reduce food and packaging waste.Retailers who have signed the Courtauld Commitment (a voluntary agreement between companies and WRAP) agree to have absolute wastage lessening by 2010 (WRAP No Date). The Food and Drink Federation (FDF) with its green agenda for food and drink manufactures also play a key role in helping companies re duce emissions and waste as well as cutting the amount of packaging that reaches households (FDF No Date). The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) works with the government and consumers in an effort to reduce waste with recycling and composting of household waste (DEFRA No Date).This has farmd more consumer awareness and this new found awareness puts pressure on food retailers to meet waste reduction laughingstocks (Appendix 4). Waitrose currently puts into practice the use of the three Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) to divert waste away from landfills (Mintel 2008 Ethical and Green Retailing) Sustainable sourcing has become a very real issue with consumers over the past few years with a demand for supermarkets to ensure that their produce such as fish and nubble are from sources that can be replenished.Another form of sustainable sourcing is for supermarkets to source their produce locally rather than importing from overseas. This has a huge impact on c arbon use as well as a significant impact on creating sustainable economies in our local communities (Mintel 2009 fascinate of the Environment on Food Shopping). MICRO ENVIRONMENT Suppliers Behind its 18,000 different products, Waitrose is supplied by 2500 firms in over 60 countries. The majority of them are small scale and regional producers. Waitroses main train, to offer high quality product, is the base of its plan to source goods from the areas where it trades.For example, that will show the real taste of British food with its regional variety. moreover people will have easy access to buy local food and support its local economy. Regardless of the small or big producers, Waitrose pay off to work with decency and respect in long term with its suppliers. It wants to help its suppliers to reach their objectives by ensuring them that it will keep the integrity or quality of the suppliers product. For this reason, Waitrose wants its producers to use recognizable and with the be st quality ingredients for the food, not a list of chemicals such as stabilisers or preservatives. Waitrose. com. The Waitrose Small Producers Charter) To succeed in that approach, the connection presented a new Waitrose Locally Produced range, which will aim to offer the best local quality food and great customer service to its customers. The correspondence between Waitrose and the other UK retailers is the co-ownership of company by its staff, not the public shareholders who only demand for quick and usefulnessable return of their investments. It allows it to make long term growing plans and continuing relationships with its producers in order to face its great customers expectations. Waitrose. com. The Waitrose Small Producers Charter) In order to prove their support for small local producers, Waitrose teamed up with The Times to create The Small Producers Awards in 2001. For example, its first year category winners will receive ? 7,000 in cash, plus access to Waitrose busine ss and marketing expertise. (Waitrose. com. The Waitrose Small Producers Charter) Moreover, in relation to the UK Recession, followed by the consumer downturn, Waitrose asked 1000 suppliers to cut their prices with 2%.The request was addressed mainly to suppliers of branded food and farmers in UK. The managing director Mark Price explained companys decision with the fall in commodity prices, which makes suppliers raw material cheaper. Furthermore he states that the Waitroses market growth will lead the suppliers to sustain profit, which they should share with their biggest buyer. Moreover prat Lewis confederations decision was forced by the annual report of the company, which unveiled 26% fall in pre-tax profit for 2008 to ? 279. 6m. (Telegraph website, 12/03/09)Intermediaries By rewarded as the UKs favourite retailer for 2007 and 2009, Waitrose main aim is to sustain its loyal and respectful relationship with its suppliers and partners. It is the main intermediary of its own bran ded goods. Furthermore, Waitrose nurture long-term relationships with its suppliers, paying the fair price and helping them to reinvest in their business. It is the most established local sourcing initiatives in its sector. All Waitrose shops have a regional offering, which covers in excess of 465 producers supplying over 1,400 product lines.In order to ensure its support for UK suppliers and in response to customer feedback, Waitrose has developed new shelf-edge ticketing, which emphasise the county, origin and unique qualities of each product. (JLP annual report 2009) Moreover, Waitrose cooperate with other intermediary companies in order to transfer the produced goods from its supplier to the customers. Its main distributor is the online supermarket delivery company Ocado. It operates mainly in Greater London, covering over 3 million households. Their relationships evolved in 2002 when John Lewis alliance bought 29% of Ocados shares.In addition, their contract will expire in 201 3. Apart from Ocado, Waitrose has established an own online delivery in over 100 stores. (JLP annual report 2009) Financial In difference from the other UK retailers, Waitrose isnt owned by public shareholders and the City. In stead of cruel shareholders, whose fixed idea is to gain profitable quick returns, Waitrose is a part of John Lewis confederacy, which is owned by its workers. Each year, every partner share companys profits, which in others retailers go to the shareholders.This organisational system makes extraordinary perpetration and loyalty amongst its labour. Furthermore company could praise itself with partners who worked with it for many years. This system makes its workers to be interested in what they are doing and selling. For that reason the often good remarks of the customers about the customer service are not surprising, because every worker in the local store do in fact own the store. (Waitrose website. The Waitrose Difference) Moreover, an interest public fact is that Waitrose holds a Royal Warrant with Her Majesty The ottoman.This means that company is chosen to supply the Royal Family with goods for five years. Moreover, Waitrose held the long-lasting Warrant with Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. That is a significant evidence for the great quality that Waitrose has been offering through the years. (Waitrose website. The Waitrose Difference) Government As an established responsible and reliable retail company, Waitrose aim to consider and follow government policy. It is in a consistent relationship with any local government, discussing key issues which affect its partners, customers and communities in which it operates.Furthermore it is an active genus Phallus of government policy advisory groups, such as Climate Change Leaders Group, British Retail Consortium and Retail Energy Forum. (John Lewis Partnership website, attractive our stakeholders) Moreover, Waitrose cooperate with local authorities during planning and construction of all its new shops. It wants to ensure that its new stores are built responsibly and will operate sustainably in order to diminish its impact on the environment and the local community. (John Lewis Partnership website, Engaging our stakeholders)Lastly, Waitrose and its parent John Lewis Partnership work closely with regulators such as Environment Agency and Health & Safety Executive to inform that the Partnership do all its best in compliance with the law. In any type of legal issue occur, it respond immediately, and cooperate with the local regulator to resolve the problem as quickly as possible. (John Lewis Partnership No Date, Engaging our stakeholders) The connection Waitrose stems from a small grocery shop called Waite. Rose & Taylor founded by Wallace Waite, Arthur Rose and David Taylor the small grocery shop opened for business 1904.Four years on the founders decided to rebrand the company in 1908 by changing the company name to Waitrose, which is a combination of two of th e founders surnames. The Waitrose Company desired changed once again so joined The John Lewis Partnership 1937, whereby 160 Waitrose employees became partners or co-owners of the business (Waitrose No Date The Company). The John Lewis compact is formed by 70,000 partners (staff) who co-own John Lewis department stores, Waitrose supermarkets, an online and sort out business (John Lewis Direct-johnlewis. om), a direct service company (Greenbee), three production units and a farm. (The John Lewis Partnership No Date) (John Lewis Partnership CSR Report 2009, Page 5) The Waitrose difference Waitrose focuses operation around offering the best quality goods and have adapted their daily producers, to make shopping easier to suit all by offering a distinctive service such as packing at checkouts, carry to car service and assists to those that required it it is this that they believe gives them the edge over other supermarkets (Waitrose No Date The Waitrose Difference)Waitrose has an oly mpian return policy whereby customers will receive their full money back, if they genuinely pursed t a product they didnt require or a customer is not one hundred percent happy with the product. It is this edge that provides Waitrose with long lasting loyal customers that trust the supermarket they shop in. As well as food products Waitrose offers Branch Extras at selected stores enabling customers to rent vinos glasses, beer glasses and fish kettles free of charge as a friendly jester(Waitrose No Date The Waitrose Difference).Waitrose commitment to provide outstanding produces and service has been credited with a Royal Warrant from Her Majesty the Queen Which is a mark of recognition of those that supply goods or services to members of the Royal Family for at least five years(Waitrose No Date The Waitrose Difference). Employees Waitrose employees are also co-owners and form part of the John Lewis Partnership the John Lewis Partnership aims to employ exceptional staffs that are d edicated to putting the consumers needs first whilst delivering excellent customer service.The John Lewis Partnership aims to keep the happiness of its employees at the life of the partnership and uses a blend of five key elements to do this Work/life balance employees are encouraged to keep a equal balance of work and play to support this the partnership offers flexible hours, vocation breaks, long leave, a flexible retirement policy . Competitive pay and benefits the partnership aims to watch a pay policy which is competitive while being fair to all partners and offers a range of partners benefits from discounts and bonus to life insurance. Filling potential the partnership gives all their employees the chance to reach their full potential and required all employees to ender go compulsory training. There partnership also allows employees the opportunity for promotion and career development programs. Fair treatment the partnership treats all its employees fair and provides equal opportunities for all, regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, social background, religion and disability or sexuality. Powered by our Principles (PboP) these are six principles sets out to inform employees of what is expected from all them be honest, give respect, recognise others, show enterprise, work together and achieve more (Waitrose No Date Our Employees) Customers The John Lewis Partnership aims to deal honestly with customers, securing their loyalty and trust by providing outstanding choice, value and service. (John Lewis Partnership CSR Report 2009, pg 4) Waitrose dominates a niche market were its target customers are believed to be affluent with a more flexible disposable income.They are associated with the middle classes along with high class food and fantastic customer service. Their repeat custom is formed, as the consumer seeks a well established supermarket they can trust and complete their weekly shop in a supermarket thats determined by high quality fresh food. (Mintel 2009 Food Retails Waitrose) A loyal Waitrose customer will complete their weekly shop unconditionally every week in there local Waitrose store however if they need a product unexpectedly they will use a convenient store as a one off it is it nearer in location.Typical Waitrose customers are considered to be affluent with a more flexible disposable income, middle to high classes, working professionals and health focused consumers (Mintel 2009 Food Retails Waitrose). In addition another important factor that adds to the customer that shops at Waitrose supermarkets is the location of the stores as Waitrose stores are based more South/East England and areas that are frequently referred to as posh, where people are financially comfortable (Mintel 2009 Food Retails Waitrose).Waitrose strive to maintain exceptional customer service and are always constantly evaluating their services to unsure they are fulfilling their consumer needs. Waitrose uses a range of formal methods of research and feedback, such as customer watchs, panels, focus groups, online feedback forms and regular mystery shopping to gather sufficient evidence to monitor their customer service and performance necessary action if required (John Lewis Partnership No Date Customer Service) CompetitionWaitrose occupies up to 4% of the UK grocery market, this compares with the largest food retailer in England today is which is Tescos who hold a gigantic 30 % share of the market. In the UK today every ? 1 in every ? 7 of consumer spending is spent in one of Tescos stores. Tesco specializes in the beginning in food and drink with its Value and Finest ranges that we all know well, but it has also become a major player in a range of non-food markets including consumer electrical, clothing, financial services, telecoms, fuel and internet services amongst others.In 2008, Tesco launched a new Discount Brands range, which is geared towards consumers seeking to trade down but not ready to comprom ise on quality. The new range appears to have halted the drift of customers to Aldi and Lidl. Tescos sheer scale means it has been able to lower prices on the back of large volumes. Tescos has different types of stores every one of them targeting different consumers, tesco express for example, the smallest one in the range, is designed to be a convenience shop where the costumer can Top-up (Mintel 2009 Food Retail Tesco).Other major players are Asda, Sainsburys and Morrisons with Asda taking up to 17% of the market. Asda has a similar range of product to Tesco but opened up the clothing market in supermarkets but presenting its own brand known as George at Asda. Asda, part of Wal-Mart, directs its main focus on price, primarily targeting the lower end of the mass-market although the current climate is increasing demand for discount items from a variety of consumer groups. In terms of consolidated sales, in 2008 the company was the third largest grocer in the UK although when fuel s ales are removed Asda moves into second go into behind Tesco but in a higher place Sainsbury.What has really set Asda apart from its rivals in the food sector in the UK has been its lack of convenience store activity. While Tesco and Sainsburys have attacked the c-store sector very aggressively, Asda has been happy to maintain its larger big-box stores enabling them to maintain a presence out of town. (Mintel 2009 Food Retail) Waitrose occupies a relatively small but nevertheless very strong portion of the market with its closest supermarket being label and Spencer. Both of these supermarkets aim at a quality rather than quantity market with prices generally being higher than the larger supermarketsMarks and Spencer holds approximately 3. 9% of the grocery market. The main differences between of the two chains is that Waitrose holds 18% of organic food ranges and sells none Waitrose brand products whilst Marks and Spencer sells just its own made brand. Marks & Spencer is the UKs leading non-food retailer, but food has long been a part of its heritage. The company trades from a premium positioning, emphasising quality and value. Dry groceries are only a small part of the offer, with the company instead focusing on ready prepared meals, fresh items and foods for special occasions.The food range is available from specialist entirely Food convenience stores as well as the larger general merchandise outlets. (Mintel 2009 Food Retail Marks & Spencer). In the food retail industry we find that there are two different orientated companies, price orientated and customer orientated. Waitrose aims at the customer orientated market and this has generally held them in good stead. The recent recession was a testing time for the company but their strong brand name appears to have weathered the storm and it has successfully retained its position.Media Waitrose takes its promotion and advertising seriously and has a very organised and wide range of media publicity. On they own website they have options to find press releases and press packs and it is optional to sign up to receive daily updates regarding Waitrose. They have affirmed their commitment by appointing Grand Union as the lead digital agency for Waitrose. The agency will relaunch the brands website Waitrose. com, as well as produce digital marketing for Waitrose Deliver, the brands online grocery shopping service.Waitrose uses television and advertising extensively to promote its products and services and has announced recently that celebrity chefs Delia Smith and Heston Blumenthal will join forces in a collaboration that will see them appear in TV, press and online advertising for the grocer (Waitrose 2009) The company website now provides an option to find all the recipes that have been used on the show. In addition John Lewis, the stores sister brand, has launched a glossy customer magazine, which will be made available in all Waitrose stores, with an initial print run of 500,000.The launch is backed by an in-store marketing campaign (Mintel 2009 Food Retail).. Publics The company takes its public and social responsibilities very seriously and its basic philosophy is as follows- As a responsible retailer, owned beneficially by our employees, we believe that the long-term future of the Partnership is best served by respecting the interests of all our stakeholders Partners, customers, suppliers and the wider community. We look actively for opportunities to improve the environment and to contribute to the wellbeing of the communities in which we trade. (Waitrose Feb 2010 Press Centre) In 2008, Waitrose was the first UK food retailer to begin using Anaerobic Digestion (AD), a process which eliminates the need to send waste food to landfill sites. (Waitrose Feb 2010 Press Centre). Waitrose commits at least 1 per cent of pre-tax profits to charitable and community projects. They are also committed to providing support to overseas disasters through the British Red Cross and are involved in over 100 projects involving 16,000 people in South Africa rolled out to Ghana and Kenya.Their target is to increase activities in the field referred to above and to actively encourage participation in Sport and physical exercise in the UK. They have already diverted 50 per cent of their total operative waste food away from landfill and their goal is to divert 95 per cent by 2013. Waitrose is set to launch an environmental initiative inviting customers to suggest eco ideas that it can fulfill into the business. Your Green Idea was launched on 15 show 2010, following a soft launch of the website.It is clear that Waitrose is very committed to its social and public responsibilities and have a proven track record to support their mandate SWOT ANALYSIS Internal Strengths Waitrose was one of the first retailers to develop own brands (after Marks and Spencer). Their own brand line carries over 18000 products including 117 lines in their Perfectly Balanced range which promotes a fresh and healthy lifestyle for their customers (Mintel 2009, Food Retail UK Waitrose). Waitrose differentiates itself powerfully from other supermarkets. They have a more defined range of products with focus on high quality food and up-market products.They are extremely customer orientated and place great emphasis on customer service as one of their unique selling points (Mintel 2009, Food Retail UK Waitrose). According to a survey by Which Waitrose is the leading supermarket chain in food quality and range. Only ASDA was rated better than Waitrose for value for money (Which 2008) Having owned their own farms for over 70 years Waitrose prides itself on working with its farmers, growers and suppliers directly to ensure that only the highest quality food from the most good and environmentally friendly sources reach they consumers.This is supported by its own inspections and farm assurance schemes (Waitrose No Date Origin of our Food). Waitrose was the first ever winner of the title Organic Supermarket of the Year and have over 16 awards for wine purchasing and retail. These are just some of the many awards that have been claimed by Waitrose over the past several years (Waitrose Various Dates Press and Awards). Waitrose also holds a Royal Warrant with Her Majesty the Queen to supply goods to members of the Royal Family (Waitrose No Date The Waitrose Difference).Waitrose was the first to introduce self-scanning (Quick consider) in some stores, which demonstrates a willingness to innovate and offer a high service and reducing costs. Recent technological innovations that have been introduced in stores include printers which provide price labels and barcodes for any stock that needs to be reduced and hand held devices available to shoppers to use as a self scanning system. (Thompson. S 2010). The partnership with John Lewis gives Waitrose tested supplier links and economies of scale. Waitrose would bark to achieve the success it has today wi thout the help of the partnership.The partnership also functions as a conglomerate therefore diversifying risk. The association with John Lewis improves Waitroses reputation (John Lewis Partnership No Date). Waitrose has a strong culture of co-ownership due to the fact that its not owned by shareholders but owned by everyone who works for the partnership. Their staff are generally well motivated because they are partners and profits ultimately come back to them. Various other benefits (such as pension schemes) are what make Waitrose a good employer, with satisfied employees. Waitrose No Date The Waitrose Difference) Internal Weaknesses The distribution of the Waitrose stores is quite weak, especially in certain areas such as the south west of England, Wales, North-West of England, and Scotland. However their acquisition of 13 Somerfield stores has lead to an expansion of distribution into the North of England and Wales (Chesters. L Property Week 2009) Own labels are the main share within their product mix. Waitrose is very dependent on this product range with a majority of sales coming from its own brand.Larger diversification would be helpful to gain better strength in the market (Mintel 2009 Brands Are Supermarkets Squeezing Out Brands) Waitrose also has the weakness of only supplying high quality, high price products. This could be seen as a negative factor due to the exclusion of an entire demographic of people in the lower class of the population who could be potential customers. However they have recently made attempts to increase their target demographic through the introduction of an economy range branded as Waitrose Essentials.This shows they have recognised a potential for expansion and this can lead to further developments in the future (Finch, J shew 2009) External Opportunities Further expansions throughout the UK would be useful to raise the importance of the firm, gain market share and, weaken the competitors buying their own branches and im proving e-commerce. Also further acquisition of competitor stores such as the Somerfield stores purchased by Waitrose would lead to increased market share (Chesters. L Property Week 2009). Waitrose has an elaborate online shopping facility in place however, this as well is subject to regional limitation.Expansion of distribution channels for online shopping facilities would help Waitrose get their products to customers who live outside areas where branches are located. Setting up new partnerships with other companies will grant higher incomes because both companies could be able to buy larger amount of products with cheaper prices. New Partnership could also help Waitrose to diversify into other non-food products other than those that John Lewis already offers. Waitrose has recognised this opportunity (All Business, No Date) External ThreatsA major part of Waitrose strategy on sales has been built on the sale of premium own brand products. Marks & Spencer, Tesco and Sainsburys have identified the sales of premium own brands as a lucrative segment with high margins and all three have a wide selection of premium products in store. Tesco and Sainsburys advertise on price which gives the perception of their products still being of a lower quality than those sold at Waitrose (Mintel 2008 Premium Foods UK) The recession while perceived to be coming to an end still has the potential to generate many problems for Waitrose.When interest rate rise this year people will have less disposable income and may start to buy cheaper products and so shifting from Waitrose to other cheaper retailers. This could result in a loss in consumers loyalty and this would give direct advantages to competitors (Mintel 2009 Food Retail) Also due to the weakened sterling there is a possibility that overseas groups could enter the market and increase competition generating the reduction of incomes and market share for each player (Keynote 2010 Food Industry) CONCLUSIONThe supermarket indu stry has gone through some important changes over the past few years. From our analysis of the macro environment we can see some main issues have affected the food retails sector. Environmental issues are now at the forefront of everything companies do, with consumers not only demanding more for their money but more for the environment as well. Technology has seen the internet open up a whole new way of shopping and while its still the early stages there is great promise for the internet as a medium for food purchases. Society is changing in a way that will affect how people shop in years to come.Now with more people from different cultural backgrounds residing in the UK than ever before supermarkets must act fast to meet the new needs of a changing society. New legislation has stopped many key players in their tracks with plans for expansion as a new financial ombudsman now has the last word on whether a supermarket can expand in a certain location. The recession has had a major im pact of the supermarket sector over the past couple of years. It has been the driving influences to a lot of changes which have been occurring in most of the major food retailers. While the supermarket industry is relatively ecession proof their customers are not and this has seen consumer trends of trading down and buying less. An analysis of the internal structure of Waitrose shows us a very strong company with high moral grounding and a passion for customer service. They may not have such large market share as the big four but they are growing at a rapid pace and with the addition of their new Essentials range to their portfolio they are preparing to enter a whole new main stream market. They pride themselves on having great relationships with employees and suppliers and are at the forefront of environmental issue such as sustainable ethical sourcing.Waitrose is a company that is heading in the right direction and while they are not without their weaknesss, distribution being a k ey factor, they are adept at recognising where improvements can be made and building towards a higher market share. APPENDIX Appendix 1 http//0-academic. mintel. com. emu. londonmet. ac. uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&/ demonstration/id=395621/ peril/id=496165? select_section=496166 Appenix 2 http//0-academic. mintel. com. emu. londonmet. ac. uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&/ vaunting/id=395621/display/id=496166? select_section=496167Appendix 3 http//0-academic. mintel. com. emu. londonmet. ac. uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&&type=RCItem&sort=relevant&access=accessible&archive=hide&source=non_snapshot&list=search_results/display/id=418439/display/id=480340? select_section=480342 Appendix 4 http//0-academic. mintel. com. emu. londonmet. ac. uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/sear ch_results/show&/display/id=394656/display/id=442497? select_section=442498 BIBLYOGRAPHY MACRO ENVIRONMENT Social Brassington. F and Pettitt. 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Focus On Obesity Prevention Health And Social Care Essay

Fleshiness is widely recognised as a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and is a quickly increasing job in many some other(prenominal) developed states throughout the universe ( van Baal et al. , 2008 ) . Australia is no exclusion, in 2008 25 % of the adolescent existence aged five to seventeen was classified as world fleshy or corpulent ( Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009 ) and it is expected that by 2025 73 % of the entire Australian population volition be corpulent, showing that corpulency and in peculiar childhood corpulency is a prevailing issue within Australia. Obesity consequences from inordinate weight addition which occurs when more than energy is ingested than is demand by the organic structure and most commonly consequences from gamey consumption of high energy nutrient and a deficiency of visible activity ( Pereira-Lancha, Coelho, de Campos-Ferraz, & A Lancha, 2010 ) . Corpulent kids will most likely become corpulent grownups without intercession and therefore it is of import to recognize that childhood obesity as a overt wellness issue has a important impact on both the physical wellness of the person during childhood and in the hereafter every daub good as on the wellness attention system itself. Long term obesity entirely has a similar hazard of mortality to that of high blood pressure and high cholesterin pointednesss every bit good as signifi terminatetly increasing the hazard of cardiovascular disease, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) , intestine malignant neoplastic diseases, saddle sore vesica disease and degenerative arthritis ( World Health Organisation, 2000 ) . The impact of fleshiness on the wellness attention system is tho as important and is demonstrated by the estimated $ 58 billion one-year equal of fleshiness in Australia over 2008 ( Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009 ) . The corpulent population have the highest one-year health c are costs in footings of diabetes and musculoskelet al diseases ( new wave Baal, et al. , 2008 ) and it is predicted that in the hereafter wellness attention costs will increase by $ 5.6 billion a twelvemonth due to fleshiness related diabetes entirely ( Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2010 ) . The high cost of childhood fleshiness on society and on the person s wellness throughout their life suggests that supplying support towards intercession plans focused on parry whitethorn be good to the wellness attention system and to the general population in the long term. In this essay the determiners that influence fleshiness in primary groom aged kids, between five and 13 old ages old, at the person, social and environmental degrees will be considered and schemes that address the upstream determiners will be evaluated.The societal and physical environments that a kid lives in can besides be extremely influential towards their weight. Socially, kids that are overweight are more likely to be bullied at school ( Jan ssen, Craig, Boyce, & A Pickett, 2004 ) which can do the kid psychological emphasis and may ensue in societal backdown of the kid further intensifying their weight jobs as they are less likely to be active with other kids during tiffin times at school. Furthermore, kids that come from a household of demoralise socioeconomic plaza are likely to hold an increased BMI of 0.93 for males and 1.08 for females ( King, Kavanagh, Jolley, Turrell, & A Crawford, 2006 ) when compared with kids from higher socioeconomic position households. This may be a consequence of the frequently high costs involved for kids to be involved in local organised featuring squads that the parents with lower socioeconomic position can non afford and therefore their kids can non take part and therefore form portion to the 37 % of kids who do non take portion in make athletics ( Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009 ) . Environmentally, the two prima determiners associating to physical activity degrees among k ids are entree and safety. When surveyed most parents were concerned about the frequently big Numberss of roadstead that their kids needed to traverse in order to acquire to play countries where no visible radiations or crossings were present. This was found to hold a direct consequence on the physical activity degrees of kids whose parents believed traffic was heavy in their local streets and accordingly they were 40 % more likely to be fleshy or corpulent ( Timperio, Salmon, Telford, & A Crawford, 2005 ) . Finally, leaveiness to safe countries in which kids could be active is besides a important factor that determines the activity degree among kids. The physical school environment much(prenominal) as resort areas and maintained ellipses were seen as extremely of import due to the important sum of clip that kids spent at that place, but these countries were frequently locked on the weekend significance kids could non entree the installations that enabled them to be active ( Du nton, Kaplan, Wolch, Jerrett, & A Reynolds, 2009 ) . Similarly, a deficiency of indoor installations meant that during the seasons where the conditions was frequently unfavorable the activity degree among kids dropped and the prevalence of fleshiness increased ( Dietz & A Gortmaker, 1984 ) .In many ways the current attacks to the hinderance of childhood fleshiness involve similar schemes to those which need to be utilised for em preventionrass at the upstream degree. Presently, for intervention of fleshiness, kids will frequently see a wellness professional such as a general practician who can so mention them onto a specializer such as a regimenician. First the feeding wonts of the kid demand to be addressed and this requires the instruction of the kid s parents about basic nutrition. Second, it is necessary for the kid to increase their physical activity degrees and it is encouraged that this be undertaken as a household as it has been be to be more effectual ( Skelton & A Beech, 2011 ) , for illustration household motorcycle drives ( Better Health Channel, 2011 ) . However this extremely individualized intervention reflects the biomedical theoretical account of wellness ( Germov, 2005 ) and is of high cost to society, hence if bar plans can efficaciously make larger groups of people these intervention costs may no longer be necessary. In footings of bar, it is apparent that big scale bar schemes aimed toward motive and behavioral alteration, such as mass media runs, are non effectual only if on their ain. This is supported by the fact that 95 % of parents were cognizant of media studies on childhood fleshiness ( Covic, et al. , 2007 ) nevertheless obesity rates among kids still continued to mount. This suggests that the customs duty of union based intercessions combined with Government degree intercessions at both the nation and federal degree may be more effectual toward bar of fleshiness in kids. In conformity with the phases of behavior altera tion theoretical account ( Queensland Government, 2007 ) parents must be motivated to originate a alteration in their ain behavior every bit good as their kid s before they will take notice of runs such as exchange It and Travel for your life ( Australian Government, 2011 ) . To travel to this job community based intercessions such as general instruction approximately fleshiness as, 35 % of parents of corpulent kids do non believe that their kid is fleshy ( Myers & A Vargas, 2000 ) , every bit good as its effects on one s wellness ( Egger, Spark, & A Donovan, 2005 ) are necessary. Similarly, the induction of behavior alteration could be undertaken at a community degree to promote households to alter their behaviors so that it incorporates a healthy diet and physical activity into their day-to-day modus operandi ( Sargent, Pilotto, & A Baur, 2011 ) . Programs could include free household dietetic instruction and cookery categories which have proven to significantly diminish fleshiness degrees in kids over a 12 month clip period, as have school based intercessions focused around educating the kids themselves about cut toss off the sum of electronic media that they use ( Wilson, et al. , 2003 ) . At a higher degree, the federal authorities could look at their fiscal aid to households of lower socioeconomic position, as in the United States a consequence of the societal safety net plan was a decrease in childhood fleshiness ( Gundersen, Mahatmya, Garasky, & A Lohman, 2011 ) . Similarly, the province authorities could take to supply more support towards the care of local featuring evidences potentially leting featuring nines to take down their fees and increasing the handiness of organized athletics to kids of lower socioeconomic position. In add-on, the execution of more policies such as the mandated clip allocated to physical activity and athletics within authorities schools ( State Government Victoria, 2005 ) would further advance day-to-day physical a ctivity among kids and aid in forestalling childhood fleshiness.In relation to Physiotherapy pattern, a physical therapist may handle kids who have developed jobs such as diabetes and musculoskeletal conditions as a consequence of their fleshiness. This means that physical therapists see at first hand the effects of macrocosm corpulent and this cognition combined with their wellness professional position makes them ideal members of the community to educate the wider community on the wellness hazards of their kids being corpulence. For illustration presently physiotherapists may be able to get down by sing female parents groups every bit good as discourse to their patients and educating them about nutrition early, in an effort to forestall the kids developing unhealthy eating wonts at all. In the long term, physical therapists may work together with other wellness professionals every bit good as the local authoritiess to organize free community events affecting both parents and ki ds that encourage healthy eating wonts and regular physical activity and therefore in bend will take to diminish fleshiness degrees among kids in the community. In add-on, physical therapists once more alongside other wellness attention professionals may take to do alteration politically at the local or province authorities degree by suggesting to these authoritiess ways in which the physical environment demands to be changed such as put ining traffic visible radiations or crossings on busy roads to increase the safety and hence handiness of countries in which kids can be physically active. These chances for physical therapists to go involved in the bar of childhood fleshiness are straight curve toing many of the upstream determiners of wellness, nevertheless there are besides challenges that they may confront. The chief challenge that physical therapists and others working towards bar may come across is the authorities, local, province or federal. While community events such as ho usehold featuring yearss can be organised by physical therapists and other members of the community it frequently requires blessing by authorities governments which can be difficult to obtain and at the least at that place inevitably to be an accessible country to keep these events.Childhood fleshiness is a important job in current Australian society and without intercession to turn to the development of unhealthy eating wonts and deficiency of physical activity, which cause weight addition and lead to fleshiness, the job will merely go on to increase, nevertheless the solution is non that simple. There are many determiners at both single and upstream degrees which limit the effectivity of a individual solution and ways to turn to these determiners that reach the bulk of the community must be introduced. The key to battling childhood fleshiness within the community is to increase parental engagement as this increases the opportunities that intervention and bar will be successful. O nce parental engagement is gained, intercessions get downing with instruction around nutrition both for parents and as portion of the school course of study for kids have proven to be most successful, followed by supplying chances for households of all socioeconomic backgrounds to be active. Alongside the community based intercession plans at that place needs to be action by higher degree organic structures such as the local, province and federal authoritiess to ease the community plans when issues such as the physical environment demand to be addressed. Personally, from this essay I have learned that the issue of childhood fleshiness with Australia is a business deal more important than I thought it was, and that behind all wellness issues there is a complex web of factors that all influence one another and to efficaciously handle the issue a balance must be found between them. The huge handiness of Australian surveies allowed me to line up information that is perfect and releva nt to the Australian society in which I will most probably be working in. However, my essay was in some ways bound by the copiousness of stuff that was available. While the surveies that I researched gave me grounds back uping one scheme at that place may hold been others which I did non happen giving grounds against that same scheme. However my usage of multiple equal reviewed beginnings that used dependable trialling methods when relevant should ensue in the information provided to be right.

Teacher Descriptive Essay

Lily Campbell Block 3 Mr. Watrous 18 September 2012 Who is Mr. Watrous? When we initially meet some integrity, we immediately tend to judge by physical appearance. This is somewhat of a natural instinct, although the way someone looks does not necessarily reflect the individuals true self. When I first strolled into Mr. Watrouss classroom, my first impression was that hed be a stern, serious teacher. Soon after I heard him speak to our class, and even more after having him for a few blocks, I found that he is an amiable and whimsical man.My first impression of Mr. Watrous is nothing at all as his true personality. Hes actually preferably an interesting teacher and very different from the majority. Mr. Watrous appears to be middle aged, as his dark brown, short hair is filling in with gray. He doesnt face to have wrinkles. Instead he has a clear, healthy looking face, impressive atomic number 19 eyes, and dark stubble from his beard. Hes to the highest degree medium flush for an adult man and has a thin, yet muscular frame. Mr. Watrous dresses different than most teachers at Central West.His most stylish outfits consist of tablec visionh print, button up shirts, green pants, and two-inch heeled shoes. But what he regularly wears are collared or button up shirts, jeans, and dress shoes. In my opinion, Mr. Watrouss appearance makes him appear as a strong, tart kind of guy. But in reality, hes far from that. In class Mr. Watrous is a mixture of both formal and light. When lecturing, or directly postulation questions he speaks and behaves quite formal. However, when he casually speaks with a student hes more informal.Outside of the classroom Mr. Watrouss speech is Campbell 2 more informal with the use of a lot of slang. For example, he refers to the people hes speaking to as man often, despite their gender, as part of his normal vocabulary. In our class Mr. Watrous acts as he wants the best possible out of us. He seems really focused on preparing us for the future. He talks to us about college and our future constantly. He also teaches us the importance of speaking in formal and informal manner, and indirectly teaches us life lessons.One example Ill never forget was that on the first day of school he assigned an almost impossible task of answering about 40 questions in 15 minutes, in attempt to teach us that we need to speak up and recognize ridiculous tasks requested of us. It seems that Mr. Watrouss thoughts are really clever and strategic. Yet, when one asks him to describe how he thinks he says little of it is based on logic and he usually just ends up going with his gut. This is consistent with how Mr.Watrous teaches, he presents himself as a really smart, all-knowing guy, but as hes teaching he is thinking of current things to say. In our classroom Mr. Watrous thinks a lot about his students and how to help them succeed, but outside of school he has more important priorities. He owns an art gallery and ranch, plus he has a famil y. Mr. Watrous likely thinks about his ranch very often since it needs maintenance. Since he is an artist, he is very creative, Im sure he is constantly thinking of new things to paint. Just like any other husband/father Mr.Watrous is going to constantly think about his family. Students look up to Mr. Watrous and treat him very respectfully. He is calculated by his students who trust him, and want to learn from him. Students will joke around with Mr. Watrous since hell joke around with us often also. Mr. Watrous treats his student in a respectful manner. Although he will be honest, and tell someone what is exactly on his mind. He holds our class up to high standards and wants us to be the best possible. If a student says Um hell mock them Campbell 3 very single time, hoping that we will eventually stop being unsure of ourselves and think forward we talk. He does this so we will think before we speak and not be unsure or ourselves. Mr. Watrous is a different kind of teacher, but i n a good way. His appearance is deceiving since he looks scary and mean. Hes really actually super nice and a laid back teacher. He acts different in his classroom and home settings. As a teacher his interest is in whats best for his students. His students realize that so they respect and appreciate him very much.

Money and Banking

Chapter5 4. Explain why you would be more or less(prenominal) go awaying to buy long-term AT&T bonds under the following circumstances a. Trading in these bonds increases, making them easier to sell. More, because if it is easier to sell bond this means that runniness of bonds increase. b. You expect a bear market in stocks(stock prices are expected to decline) More because these bondss expected return will increase compared to stocks. . Brokerage missionary station on stocks fall Less because the decrease in brokerage commissions on stocks makes them more liquid. d. You expect interest rank to rise Less because when interest rates increase the expected return decreases. e. Brokerage commission on bonds fall. More because the decrease in brokerage commissions on bonds makes bond more liquid. 7.Using both(prenominal) the liquidity preference framework and the supply and demand for bonds framework, show shy interest rates are procyclical If the economy is growing there is a tradi ng cycle expansion slime eels will result to a increase in supply of bonds this means that the supply writhe will shift to the right on if this happens there will be a new equilibrium excite and if everything is constant the new equilibrium point will be lower witch means that price of a bond will decrease and the interest rate will increase.If the economy grows the first effect we can see Is that the income will increase. When income increases the demand for money will increase shifting the demand curve to the right if every thing else is constant this will mean that the equilibrium point will change thus moving up and showing an increase in interest rate. 9. Find the Credit Markets column in the Wall track Journal. Underline the statement in the column that explain bond price movements, and draw the appropriate supply and demand diagrams that support these statement.The column describes how the price of treasury bonds rose when the stock market faltered. The higher relative expected returns on bonds would then cause the quantity demanded to rise each price, shifting the demand curve to the right. The outcome is a rise in the equilibrium price and a fall in interest rates. Massive amount of supply of bonds is set to fancy the market over the next month. The increase in supply would shift the supply curve to the right, causing the equilibrium price to fall.

Susan B Anthony

Susan B. Anthony 1820 1906 Through her accomplishwork forcets and long-lived dedication to the cause, the woman suffrage movement, Susan B. Anthony became one of the most historically significant figures in American history. Her life long fight for womens rights led to the 1920 passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. Born in 1820, Susan was one of six children to Daniel and Lucy Anthony. Daniel, a 6th multiplication Quaker, believed in equal treatment for boys and girls.Although in the 1800s most girls did non receive a formal education, because of her fathers belief of equality, all cardinal of the Anthony girls were given the same opportunity as their two brothers and was able to attend a private Quaker boarding school in Philadelphia (World Book Encyclopedia). The sombreness movement, anti-slavery movement and womens rights were some of the reform movements that the Anthony family was very active in. Her knowledge and involvement with these movements became the foundation on wh ich she built her life. In 1852, Ms.Anthony attended a Sons of sobriety plead convention and because she is a woman she was not allowed to speak in the temperance rally, instead she was told to listen and learn. Due to her experience at this state convention as well as her meeting with Elizabeth C. Stanton, she attended her first womens rights convention. It was at this convention that Anthony was quoted saying that the right which woman needed preceding(prenominal) every other, the one indeed which would secure to her all the others, was the right of suffrage (Linder 2011, pg 1).Both Stanton and Anthony advocated and worked for reforms for their sex, including property rights, custody rights, and the right to education and gainful employment (Hartmann 2012, pg 600). Susan B. Anthony along with her athletic supporter Elizabeth C. Stanton founded the National Womans Suffrage Association in 1869, where they worked together, for womens suffrage, for over fifty years. The year 1872 brought and event to Susans life that in secrete would create a opportunity for her to spread her argument for women suffrage to a much wider audience than ever before.She argued, wherever possible, that the Fourteenth Amendment said that all persons innate(p) and naturalized in the United States are citizens of the United States and citizens were entitled to privileges and Susan proclaimed that those privileges included the right to vote. So in November o 1872, in her home township of Rochester, New York, Susan and a group of fifty women walked into a voter registration office and demanded to be registered as voters.Election inspectors refused but Anthony did not give up and aft(prenominal) much discussion between the alternatives officials and Anthonys persistence, it was voted two to one to accept her vote. Susan had the satisfaction of casting her ballot into the ballot box on November 5, 1872 and wrote a earn to her close friend Elizabeth Stanton, telling her of the accompl ishment. However, just days later, on November 14, 1872 a warrant for Anthonys arrest was issued. The charge was that Anthony voted in a federal election without having a lawful right to vote and in violation of section 19 of an act of Congress (Linder 2001, pg 3).On January 24, 1873, a grand jury of twenty men returned an indictment against Anthony and charged her with knowingly, wrongfully, and unlawfully voting for a member of Congress. On June 17, 1873, Anthonys trial began. though the lawyers for Anthony argued that she reasonably believed that she was entitled to vote and therefore could not be held guilty for the crime of knowingly casting an il judicial vote. Her lawyer even called himself to the witness stand to testify on her behalf. He explained that she called upon him seeking legal advice as to whether she was or was not a legal voter.Henry Selden, Anthonys attorney, stated that he unhesitatingly informed her that the laws and Constitution of the United States authorize her to vote as well as they authorize any man to vote. As the trial moved forward, Selden continued to argue the Anthony cast a legal vote by the definitions of the Fourteenth Amendment and stressed that she was prosecuted purely on account of her gender. The Fourteenth Amendment explains what constitutes citizenship, securing the rights of citizens to all person born of naturalized in the United States.Selden concluded his argument by insisting that even if the Fourteenth Amendment did not make her vote legal, that she could not be prosecuted because she acted in good faith and believe that her vote was in fact, legal. Though her legal fight was a sound one, Anthony was ultimately found guilty and ordered her to pay a fine of one hundred dollars and the fees of the prosecution. Anthony never remunerative a penny of her fine. In fact, she submitted a petition to the United States Congress in January of 1874, asking for the fine to be remitted on the grounds that her conviction was unjust.Congress never acted on Anthonys petition, but Congress also did not make an effort to ever collect the fine. Even after her arrest, Susan B. Anthony continued her fight for womens rights. She began a speaking tour giving a lecture she called Is it a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote? She gave 75-100 speeches a year, over a continue of forty-five years, traveling throughout the United States and continuing to fight the battle- when all United States citizens shall be recognized as equals before the law. Although Susan B.Anthony passed away before get to rejoice in the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, which gave women the right to vote, it goes without saying that Susan B. Anthony was and forever will be a significant woman in American History. The path that she laid down for womens rights was a long one but one that she never refused to give up on. Because of her commitment to the cause and her persistent struggle and battle for womens suffrage, she is known for her pivotal role in paving the way to have womens rights instituted into the American government. ?