Freud and Eysencks Theories of Crime

Freud and Eysencks Theories of CrimeFreud Eysencks opening of Crime Crime inletBy studying the work of criminologists Freud and Eysenck, this essay go forth incorporate of me adverting at key psychological factors, I go a elan control at the strengths and limitations of their record theories of offensive activity. I entrust come in forward a wide range of explanations, by studying the work of the criminologists and trying to meet the causes of crime, for example psychological issues.Psychology relates to the study of pluralitys mind. Psychological theories of crime look at the differences in person behaviour and how that makes it more likely for individuals to bill a miserable act. The suit for these differences may be due to personality characteristics, biological factors, or social connections. (Freud, S. 1961)Psychodynamic explanations of crime and distressing behaviour halt their origins, by looking at the signifi nominatet work of Sigmund Freud (1956-1939). Th e psychoanalytical amaze developed by Freud in which he deals that a human progresses, earlier in life sentence. Freud comes to say the human personality has three sets of interacting forces. These include the id, the self-importance and the superego. These argon three members in a human personality that instill them to be project in the manner they do and make individuals what they be.Firstly the id which is believed to be primitive, which supplys unconscious drives for food and sex. The id triggers humans to do on the whole the things that feel thoroughly, regardless if they be wrong. A electric s confuser who is cries when they argon hungry, this is the id triggering the electric s permitr for the call for to be met. Secondly, is the superego which contains the conscience. According to Freud the superego consists of values and ethics internalised through a persons life.The super ego merges surrounded by the id and ego. It helps individuals feel exhaustively ab bring out something they harbour d bingle virile and feel guilty for something they have done wrong. Thirdly, the ego or the conscious personality, this personality component helps humans face earthly concern by adjudicating between the other cardinal components id and superego. self helps individuals non to fol impression every desire they have which is created by the id. This component allows the principle of reality which guides improper sexual and aggressive drives to suitable intentions. The ego is something that is learnt.Freud believes humans argon born with their id. Freud believes the id holds importance to the personality, for example the id allows a new-sprung(a) to get its needs met by clapperclawing. The id is set on getting diversion the id wants whatsoever feels good despite the outcome of the situation being bad.By looking at the example of a child who will cry to meet his blessednesss, this is a good way to explain how the id works the id will speak unti l the needs ar met. The id just wants to meet its own satisfaction without any consideration some reality. aspect at babies who are blunt to their parents, weather on that point parents are sleeping eating etc.if they want something they will cry for it until they get it. This shows if the id wants something, noning else is important.During the child growing through life the back up component of the personality develops. This is known as the ego, the ego looks at the reality surmise. Not like the id the ego is more considerate it understands feeling and emotions of others and takes them into account. thus the ego meets the needs of the id, at the alike(p) cartridge holder looking at the reality of the condition.By the time a child is five the evolution of the third personality component develops. Freud called this Superego. The superego is seen as the honest part of humans. It determines what is mighty or wrong by looking the moral and ethical barriers displace by p eople around us.The ego according to Freud is the most powerful component. Freud believes that the ego complies with the desires of the id and the superego. At the same time the ego relates on the factors of reality. Freud believed that if the id gets a strong desire and self satisfaction obtains an individuals life. The stronger the superego is, the more an individual will be driven to harsh ethics.By looking at the teaching of the superego, is it state that the superego acts on the ego. The superego is believed to internally have rules and punishments the superego praises and punishes the child in the same way as the parents. This then builds up to the child learning what is dependable and wrong.The id works for pleasure and superego wants control the semblanceship with parents is seen as important. Assumed that the visitation to develop a superego was the result of the parents being unloving or missing(p) for much of the childs upbringing (Aichhorn, 1963). Nevertheless havi ng parents who are genial and caring could have the same effect. Freuds possible action concludes around the estimation that versed, dynamic forces influence human behaviour.On the other hand Eysenck was one in many psychologists to study personality. Eysencks personality surmisal was diverse. Eysenck base it upon psychological concepts of conditioning whereas Freuds conjecture was base on conscience, entirely Eysenck cyphered the concept very differently. Eysenck believes there is a biological basis to personality. Were individuals are genetically predestined. Eysenck believes individuals run for to learn the rules and norms of society through conscious. This is obtained through happenings in life, when involved in certain situations. He goes on to say the good receive rewards and the bad or unexpected are punished.Eysenck also believes there are three dimensions to a personality. Firstly extraversion which is said to have two components impulsiveness and sociability, each of which are independent of each other. Eysenck looked at extroversion as individuals who bask positive events especially social events, they are seen to enjoy involvement in gatherings e.g. parties. They enjoy mixing in with others and talking quite an then being on their own. Extraverts are seen to fade if they are on their own or bored. People who are extraverts enjoy interacting with other and are seen to be assertive and talkative.Extraversion in individuals allows them to spend more time with people and less time on their own. They are seen to have a more positive approach and are more energised when people are around. They are seen to take risks and hold transmitership abilities.Low extraversion is denotative as introversion. This is totally opposite to extroversion. Example of introverts are writers, artist etc. People with high introversion are only concerned and arouse in their own psychological life. Introverts enjoy spending time on there own, for example they enjoy reading and writing rather than salty in activities such as social gatherings. Introverts are seen to be low key.Introverts enjoy observing situations in the beginning they take part, they allow themselves to squeeze on a certain activity or person before they get involved or take part in another. Introverts should not be considered as shy people, due to them as individuals enjoying time dog-tired by themselves they dont hold fear of mixing in with people. Due to there own preference they enjoy time spend on their own.Eysenck referred neuroticism or instability to individuals who have negative emotions, such as people who are moody, anxious, and highly insensitive. Stability then is the lack of this behaviour. Individuals with high N are seen as neurotic whereas someone with a low score would be see as stable. Eysenck found that women are more neurotic than men.Little (1963) carried out research by comparison the scores for convicted young offenders on the extroversion and neuroticism scope with those who are non-offenders. The outcome of his research was that there was no difference in relation to extroversion but the offenders scored higher on the neuroticism dimension. Neither fraction showed the relation of replicate offending.Eysenck (1977) agues that different combinations of different personality scopes in spite of appearance people influence their capability to learn not to offend and whence the aim of offending someone with a high E and high N equal a stable introvert. Introverts are seen as the most effectively conditioned. Eysenck found that stable extroverts and neurotic introverts come somewhere between the two limits in provisions such as conditioning.Sigmund Freud defined psychoanalysis as a method of mind investigation, and especially of the unconscious mind (Freud 1920). looking for at the relationship between psychoanalysis and crime, Freud created the psychoanalytic theory this theory is used in criminology to explain crim e. Freuds psychoanalytic theory is based on the fact that individuals welfare of a strong relation between the id, ego and superego. However Freud never had much to say about crime.This theory is based on the basis of why crime is impartted, and the savvys for crime at bottom an individual. Freud based it on the fact that crime is caused by e.g. conflict in individuals early life that leads them to twist criminals. Freuds theory suggests that individuals with anti-social tendencies, in the unconscious of there mind, they tend to come back back to traumatic events in their early life, which causes long term psychological problems. Another reason why Freud believes individuals become criminals and start committing crimes is due to the id getting out of control.Freud went on to say that there are three possible reasons for individuals to commit crime which relate to his theory areStrong conscious which creates guilt within individualsWeak conscious which does not control individ ual desires andCriminal needs for instant pleasure.Freuds theory suggests that individuals may have tension or disagreements in their mind which lead to guilt. As a result they come views and feelings inside that make them wanting to be punished. He feels unconscious differences reason crime.Displacement according to Freuds psychoanalytic theory is when an individuals desire changes from something that is wrong or intolerable to something that is right and suitable. For example when something does not go right for someone i.e. exam and the pupil feels angry at the teacher due to them asking hard, difficult questions. The pupil knows that they cant say anything to the teacher and to take they anger out they take it out on someone closer to them i.e. there little brother. This allows individuals not to commit crime and control their feelings and urges and carry out their anger in not a criminal manner.Freud expresses repression as the procedure to condemnation. He believes that peopl e have memories, urges, etc but these feelings are hard or unacceptable to think about, individuals tend to take them out there mind and conscious and not think about them. This is what Freud expressed repression as, which is comparable to suppression.Theories of over control start with the view that crime and criminality are subjective, meaning there is confliction between them as the definition changes over time. Over control relates to the concern of criminalisation, and why individuals become selected criminals and why individuals react different to them. Over control is a theory that society can make, adjust or remove rules which have been placed.The developing of a criminal personality can be due to the way a child had been bought up from an early age. This could lead to the child developing a criminal personality when the child becomes older. Freud planned two different models of criminal behaviour. He firstly looked at the types of criminal activity e.g. incendiarism shopl ifting etc. he looked at his theory psychosexual culture and believed that the disruption of psychic development which may easily be disrupted, leading(a) to neuroses. He believed that people affected at anyone or more of theses periods in childhood may be the reason for criminal behaviour in later life.Freud believes that psychosexual development of a child is the inspiration or impact of the parents, the impact of the parents is seen to be unconscious. Freud believed that both parents and child are not conscious of the influence they have on each other, therefore he believed that there is less chance of parents producing children that offend.Secondly Freuds model of criminal behaviour was the offenders acquire a weak conscious. Freud stated that the progress on the conscious is essentially significant on the upbringing of the child. He sees morals are closely linked to guilt, and those individuals who have an unconscious guilt are the ones who are most liable to be part of crimi nal behaviour.Aichhorn (1925) argued that the present of a child has certain natural desires that want satisfactions. A child is unaware and unaffected by the values of society surrounding the child. The parents therefore should bring the child to a social state. If the upbringing of the child is uneffective the child remains asocial. This could lead to actual offending behaviour. He believed that individuals with fully developed conscious but had parents who were criminals themselves. Secondly there were those who had been allowed to do whatever they wanted by weak parents.I think that psychoanalysis can be used to explain types of serial killing or moral disorders. I feel that individuals who kill people or suffer from a mental illness is due to past experiences they experienced, therapists use psychoanalysis in order to retrieve into the unconscious mind of an individual. They get individuals to talk about what comes into there head and studying the dreams of the individual, the therapist than makes the individual aware of things that are going occurring in there mind that they are unconscious of.Theorists believe the unconscious mind is strange. They believe that individuals cannot work out there problems themselves, which lead to other people sorting out there issues.The criticism of this theory is that people believe that Freud theory is too simple to explain the concentration of the human mind Freud overstated sex and was seen to be sexiest. Looking at his theory was a feminist approach, Freud theories were believed to be essentially from a manly viewpoint with his own self-analysis. He hardly integrated female viewpoints into his theories.Looking at the relationship between Eysencks personality theory and crime, Eysenck believes by looking at traditional theory there is no therapy of behavioural disorders. Eysencks theory of criminal behaviour puts together biology, social and individual features. Children who are socialised and bought up the rig ht way, makes the child aware of the right and wrong things, they will then keep away from activities that will have consequences Eysenck believes children control there own impulses.Eysenck believes individuals behaviour is inner initiative and motivation. Looking at personality and criminal behaviour it is believed that life alone can not justify why individuals turn to crime. Eysenck said that children that are born with criminal features or due to experiences that lead them to be criminals. Criminal doings are seen as inner desired which are not fulfilled (sublimation).Eysencks theory has been criticized due to a great descend of doubt and ambiguity regarding the validity and trueness of his theory. Farrington (1994) however proposed the approach taken seems to at least indentify a discrete connection involving offending and impulsiveness. though Farrington found no significant connection with personality. Eysenck study on anti social behavior has not yet been fully tested.Con clusionBy looking at the work of both criminologists Eysenck and Freud, I feel that the more research should be done on the causes of crime in the future, by looking at the critics of both theorist it has been said that Freud being prejudiced and the ambiguity of Eysenck work could not really clarify why individuals fare the way they do. I feel that more research should be put into the work of researchers. Looking at psychodynamic and behavioural learning traditions a criminal mind or personality does exist.ReferencesAichorn, A. (1963). Wayward Youth. NY Viking.Farrington, D. (1994). Psychological Explanations of Crime. Dartmouth Aldershot.Freud, S. (1941). Criminals from a wiz of Guilt pp. 332-33 Vol. 14 The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological full treatment of Sigmund Freud. London Hogarth Press.Freud, S. (1961). The Complete Works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19). London Hogarth.Little, A. (1963). An Introduction to Criminological Theory Second edition, Roger Hopkins Bur ke.